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Women’s Perceptions of Discrimination at Work: Gender Stereotypes and Overtime—An Exploratory Study in Portugal

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  • Glória Rebelo

    (Dinâmia’CET, Iscte-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal
    Escola de Ciências Económicas e das Organizações, Universidade Lusófona-Centro Universitário Lisboa, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal)

  • Catarina Delaunay

    (CICS.NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1069-061 Lisbon, Portugal)

  • Alexandre Martins

    (CICS.NOVA, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1069-061 Lisbon, Portugal
    Instituto Politécnico de Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal)

  • Maria Fernanda Diamantino

    (CEAUL, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal)

  • António R. Almeida

    (Legal Department, Universidade Europeia, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal)

Abstract

The aim of this study is to identify women’s perceptions of the main reasons for discrimination at work. Furthermore, the aim is to analyse the effects of public working time policies on gender equality and their impact on discrimination at work and on women’s career paths. This article presents a framework for the topic through an analysis of documents and literature, as well as an exploratory study carried out in Portugal. Working time policies since 2011 in Portugal are examined and through an empirical study, the impact of overtime on women’s work and careers is analysed. The documentary analysis carried out in Portugal shows the difficulties women face in reconciling work with family and personal life. While most studies focus on job satisfaction and women’s willingness to work long hours for better career progression, this paper examines gender discrimination at work associated with working time policies. Gender equality and women’s empowerment are among the goals set by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This study, based on a survey completed by female employees, concludes that women feel discriminated against in their careers due not only to the persistence of gender stereotypes but also to long working hours. Studying women’s perceptions of the reasons for discrimination at work, as well as the relationship between working time and equality at work, can be important for understanding the under-representation of women in leadership positions and can help enrich public policies in this area.

Suggested Citation

  • Glória Rebelo & Catarina Delaunay & Alexandre Martins & Maria Fernanda Diamantino & António R. Almeida, 2024. "Women’s Perceptions of Discrimination at Work: Gender Stereotypes and Overtime—An Exploratory Study in Portugal," Administrative Sciences, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-14, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jadmsc:v:14:y:2024:i:8:p:188-:d:1460721
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Philippe Askenazy, 2013. "Working time regulation in France from 1996 to 2012," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 37(2), pages 323-347.
    2. Allard Dembe, 2009. "Ethical Issues Relating to the Health Effects of Long Working Hours," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 84(2), pages 195-208, January.
    3. Bosch, Gerhard & Lehndorff, Steffen, 2001. "Working-Time Reduction and Employment: Experiences in Europe and Economic Policy Recommendations," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 25(2), pages 209-243, March.
    4. repec:hal:pseose:hal-00812893 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Calmfors, Lars, 1985. "Work sharing, employment and wages," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 27(3), pages 293-309.
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