IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/fip/fedreq/00064.html

US Bank Capital Regulation: History and Changes Since the Financial Crisis

Author

Listed:
  • John R. Walter

Abstract

Following the financial crisis of 2007-08, capital requirements were revised along a number of important dimensions with the intent of shoring up the banking system and reducing the likelihood of another crisis. Changes included new measures of capital and increased minimum requirements, with special emphasis on requirements for the largest and most systemically important banks. In this article, I survey the history of bank capital requirements and review the new capital rules.

Suggested Citation

  • John R. Walter, 2019. "US Bank Capital Regulation: History and Changes Since the Financial Crisis," Economic Quarterly, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, issue 1Q, pages 1-40.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedreq:00064
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.richmondfed.org/-/media/richmondfedorg/publications/research/economic_quarterly/2019/q1/walter.pdf
    File Function: Full text
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sabrina Pellerin & John R. Walter, 2012. "Orderly liquidation authority as an alternative to bankruptcy," Economic Quarterly, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, vol. 98(1Q), pages 1-31.
    2. repec:fip:fedreq:y:2012:i:1q:p:1-31:n:vol.98no.1 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Borys Grochulski & Stephen Slivinski, 2009. "Systemic risk regulation and the "too big to fail" problem," Richmond Fed Economic Brief, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, issue Jul.
    4. Huberto M. Ennis & David A. Price, 2011. "Basel III and the continuing evolution of bank capital regulation," Richmond Fed Economic Brief, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, issue Jun.
    5. Leonardo Gambacorta & Sudipto Karmakar, 2018. "Leverage and Risk-Weighted Capital Requirements," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 14(5), pages 153-191, December.
    6. Jackson Evert & Arantxa Jarque & John R. Walter, 2018. "On the Measurement of Large Financial Firm Resolvability," Working Paper 18-6, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.
    7. Tarullo, Daniel, 2008. "Banking on Basel: The Future of International Financial Regulation," Peterson Institute Press: All Books, Peterson Institute for International Economics, number 4235, July.
    8. James B. Bullard, 2008. "Systemic risk and the macroeconomy: an attempt at perspective," Speech 136, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. repec:ers:journl:v:xxiv:y:2021:i:4:p:955-976 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Joseph G. Haubrich, 2020. "A Brief History of Bank Capital Requirements in the United States," Economic Commentary, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, vol. 2020(05), pages 1-6, February.
    3. Ghulame Rubbaniy & Ali Awais Khalid & Stathis Polyzos & Balqees Naser Almessabi, 2022. "Cyclicality of capital adequacy ratios in heterogeneous environment: A nonlinear panel smooth transition regression explanation," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(6), pages 1960-1979, September.
    4. Meier, Samira & Rodriguez Gonzalez, Miguel & Kunze, Frederik, 2021. "The global financial crisis, the EMU sovereign debt crisis and international financial regulation: lessons from a systematic literature review," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    5. Roberts, Daniel & Sarkar, Asani & Shachar, Or, 2023. "Liquidity regulations, bank lending and fire-sale risk," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    6. Miriam Goetz, 2024. "Multinational Lending Retrenchment after the Global Financial Crisis: The Impact of Policy Interventions," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 66(1), pages 51-75, August.
    7. Müting, Miriam, 2020. "Multinational lending retrenchment after the global financial crisis: The impact of policy interventions," Discussion Papers in Economics 72612, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
    8. Nina Boyarchenko & Domenico Giannone & Anna Kovner, 2020. "Bank Capital and Real GDP Growth," Staff Reports 950, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
    9. Lukáš Fiala, 2021. "Resolving of failing financial institutions: from bail-out to bail-in [Řešení selhávajících finančních institucí aneb od bail-out k bail-in]," Český finanční a účetní časopis, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2021(3), pages 21-39.
    10. Damilola Oyetade & Adefemi A. Obalade & Paul-Francois Muzindutsi, 2022. "The Impact of Changes in Basel Capital Requirements on the Resilience of African Commercial Banks," Scientific Annals of Economics and Business (continues Analele Stiintifice), Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, vol. 69(1), pages 111-132, January.
    11. Mercadier, Mathieu & Tarazi, Amine & Armand, Paul & Lardy, Jean-Pierre, 2025. "Monitoring bank risk around the world using unsupervised learning," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 324(2), pages 590-615.
    12. Ruopu Hu & Andreas Schabert, 2026. "Bank Regulation and Post-2008 US Monetary Policy," ECONtribute Discussion Papers Series 397, University of Bonn and University of Cologne, Germany.
    13. Anna Spoz & Ilona Skibinska-Fabrowska & Grzegorz Kotlinski & Helena Zukowska, 2021. "The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Financial Performance of Public Companies in Poland," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(4 - Part ), pages 955-976.
    14. repec:prg:jnlcfu:v:2021:y:2021:i:3:id:563 is not listed on IDEAS

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Christian Thimann, 2015. "The Economics of Insurance, its Borders with Finance and Implications for Systemic Regulation," CESifo Working Paper Series 5207, CESifo.
    2. Marco Migueis, . "Forward-looking and incentive-compatible operational risk capital framework," Journal of Operational Risk, Journal of Operational Risk.
    3. Glocker, Christian, 2019. "Do reserve requirements reduce the risk of bank failure?," MPRA Paper 95634, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Garcia Revelo, Jose D. & Levieuge, Grégory, 2022. "When could Macroprudential and Monetary Policies be in Conflict?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    5. Matthias Thiemann, 2014. "In the Shadow of Basel: How Competitive Politics Bred the Crisis," Review of International Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(6), pages 1203-1239, December.
    6. Zaher Abdel Fattah Al-Slehat, 2021. "The Impact of the Financial Flexibility on the Performance: An Empirical Study on a Sample of Jordanian Services Sector Firms in Period (2010-2017)," International Journal of Business and Management, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 14(6), pages 1-1, July.
    7. Kirstin Hubrich & Daniel F. Waggoner, 2022. "The Transmission of Financial Shocks and Leverage of Financial Institutions: An Endogenous Regime-Switching Framework," FRB Atlanta Working Paper 2022-5, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.
    8. Blinder, Alan S., 2010. "The Squam Lake Report: Fifteen economists in search of financial reform," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 57(7), pages 892-902, October.
    9. Piotr Łasak & Sławomir Wyciślak, 2022. "Dynamics in Complex Systems Amidst Crisis 2008+: Financial Regulatory and Supervisory Reflections," Risks, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-15, February.
    10. Kristina Bluwstein & Julieta Yung, 2019. "Back to the real economy: the effects of risk perception shocks on the term premium and bank lending," Bank of England working papers 806, Bank of England.
    11. Sergio A. Correia & Stephan Luck & Emil Verner, 2024. "Failing Banks," Staff Reports 1117, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
    12. Nicolas Véron, 2012. "Financial reform after the crisis- an early assessment," Bruegel Working Papers 680, Bruegel.
    13. Helleiner, Eric & Pagliari, Stefano, 2011. "The End of an Era in International Financial Regulation? A Postcrisis Research Agenda," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 65(1), pages 169-200, January.
    14. Marko Malovic, 2009. "International Financial Crisis, G-20 And Global Policy Response," Montenegrin Journal of Economics, Economic Laboratory for Transition Research (ELIT), vol. 5(10), pages 119-127.
    15. Tiago F. A. Matos & João C. A. Teixeira & Tiago M. Dutra, 2025. "The role of market discipline and macroprudential policies in achieving bank stability," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 30(3), pages 2085-2107, July.
    16. Stefan Notz, 2012. "Macroeconomic Implications of U.S. Banking Liberalisation," 2012 Meeting Papers 552, Society for Economic Dynamics.
    17. Marco Migueis, 2019. "Evaluating the AMA and the new standardized approach for operational risk capital," Journal of Banking Regulation, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 20(4), pages 302-311, December.
    18. Oscar Valencia & Daniel Osorio & Pablo Garay, 2017. "The role of capital requirements and credit composition in the transmission of macroeconomic and financial shocks," Revista ESPE - Ensayos sobre Política Económica, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, vol. 35(84), pages 203-221, December.
    19. Mérő, Katalin, 2018. "A kockázatalapú bankszabályozás előretörése és visszaszorulása - az ösztönzési struktúrák szerepe [The emergence and decline of risk-based bank regulation the role of incentive structures]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(10), pages 981-1005.
    20. William H. Simon, 2010. "Optimization and its discontents in regulatory design: Bank regulation as an example," Regulation & Governance, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 4(1), pages 3-21, March.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:fip:fedreq:00064. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Christian Pascasio (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/frbrius.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.