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A regression discontinuity assessment of the differential impacts of China’s natural forest protection program across forestland property right regimes

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  • Liu, Qi
  • Liu, Shilei
  • Liu, Zhaoyang
  • Deng, Xiangzheng
  • Xu, Jintao
  • Kontoleon, Andreas

Abstract

In 2000 China launched the Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP) as its flagship initiative for forest conservation and restoration, targeting both state-owned forestland managed by state-owned forest enterprises (SOFEs) and large areas of forestland held by village households. This study evaluates the overall impact of the NFPP on forest cover and examines the program’s heterogeneous effects across property right regimes and provinces using a spatial regression discontinuity design. Our analysis reveals that forest cover within NFPP boundaries is, on average, about 6 % higher than in adjacent areas. Notably, collective forestland experiences an 82 % greater treatment effect compared to state-owned forests – even though collective areas receive less direct financial support – underscoring the role of institutional and local governance factors. Furthermore, our findings highlight significant regional variations in program outcomes. Overall, the NFPP exemplifies a proactive approach to reversing deforestation amidst rapid economic development, and our results offer valuable insights for refining policy measures and ensuring equitable funding strategies across diverse forest management regimes.

Suggested Citation

  • Liu, Qi & Liu, Shilei & Liu, Zhaoyang & Deng, Xiangzheng & Xu, Jintao & Kontoleon, Andreas, 2025. "A regression discontinuity assessment of the differential impacts of China’s natural forest protection program across forestland property right regimes," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:wdevel:v:196:y:2025:i:c:s0305750x25002529
    DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107166
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    1. Sebastian Calonico & Matias D. Cattaneo & Rocio Titiunik, 2014. "Robust Nonparametric Confidence Intervals for Regression‐Discontinuity Designs," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 82, pages 2295-2326, November.
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    3. Chen, Yu & Shi, Shaobin & Tang, Yugang, 2019. "Valuing the urban hukou in China: Evidence from a regression discontinuity design for housing prices," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    4. Attila Ambrus & Erica Field & Robert Gonzalez, 2020. "Loss in the Time of Cholera: Long-Run Impact of a Disease Epidemic on the Urban Landscape," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 110(2), pages 475-525, February.
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • P31 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions - - - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
    • P32 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions - - - Collectives; Communes; Agricultural Institutions
    • Q15 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Agriculture - - - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment
    • Q23 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Renewable Resources and Conservation - - - Forestry
    • Q28 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Renewable Resources and Conservation - - - Government Policy

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