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The Geography of Open Source Software: Evidence from GitHub

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  • Wachs, Johannes
  • Nitecki, Mariusz
  • Schueller, William
  • Polleres, Axel

Abstract

Open Source Software (OSS) plays an important role in the digital economy. Yet although software production is amenable to remote collaboration and its outputs are digital, software development seems to cluster geographically in places like Silicon Valley, London, or Berlin. And while OSS activity creates positive externalities which accrue locally through knowledge spillovers and information effects, up-to-date data on the geographic distribution of open source developers is limited. This presents a significant blindspot for policymakers, who often promote OSS at the national level as a cost-saving tool for public sector institutions. We address this gap by geolocating more than half a million active contributors to GitHub in early 2021 at various spatial scales. Compared to results from 2010, we find a significant increase in the share of developers based in Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe, suggesting a more even spread of OSS developers globally. Within countries, however, we find significant concentration in regions, exceeding the concentration of high-tech employment. Social and economic development indicators predict at most half of regional variation in OSS activity in the EU, suggesting that clusters have idiosyncratic roots. We argue for localized policies to support networks of OSS developers in cities and regions.

Suggested Citation

  • Wachs, Johannes & Nitecki, Mariusz & Schueller, William & Polleres, Axel, 2022. "The Geography of Open Source Software: Evidence from GitHub," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 176(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:tefoso:v:176:y:2022:i:c:s0040162522000105
    DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121478
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    1. Johannes Wachs & Xiangnan Feng & Simone Daniotti & Frank Neffke, 2026. "The Changing Global Division of Labor in Software: Emergence and Diffusion of New Programming Skills across IT Hubs," Papers 2606.09463, arXiv.org.
    2. D. A. Kabanov, 2025. "Open Digital Technologies as a New Area of Cooperation Among BRICS Countries," Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law, Center for Crisis Society Studies, vol. 18(3).
    3. Papoutsoglou, Maria & Rigas, Emmanouil S. & Kapitsaki, Georgia M. & Angelis, Lefteris & Wachs, Johannes, 2022. "Online labour market analytics for the green economy: The case of electric vehicles," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 177(C).
    4. Juhász, Sándor & Wachs, Johannes & Kaminski, Jermain & Hidalgo, César A., 2026. "The software complexity of nations," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(3).
    5. Sergio Petralia, 2024. "GitPat: A Database Linking Open Source Contributions & Patenting Activity of Organizations," Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG) 2437, Utrecht University, Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Group Economic Geography, revised Nov 2024.
    6. Birkholz, Carlo & Gomtsyan, David, 2026. "The global software production network," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).

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