IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v82y2018ip3p3046-3059.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A review on bio-fuel production from microalgal biomass by using pyrolysis method

Author

Listed:
  • Azizi, Kolsoom
  • Keshavarz Moraveji, Mostafa
  • Abedini Najafabadi, Hamed

Abstract

Due to the depletion of fossil fuels and their environmental issues, it is necessary to find energy resources which are renewable. Algal biomass becomes promising feedstock for bio-fuel production. They are considered as sustainable, renewable and effective biomass and bio-fuels obtained from them are more environment-friendly than fossil fuels. The aim of this work is to provide a state of the art review on pyrolysis of microalgae for generation of bio-fuels. Initially, some general aspects of biomass such as microalgae characteristics, different thermochemical processes and advantages of microalgae pyrolysis to produce bio-fuels are discussed. Then, different pyrolysis methods are explained and parameters affecting the process are addressed. Bio-fuels including gaseous, solid and liquid products have been characterized in a separate section. Finally, the technical challenges associated with microalgal pyrolysis commercialization are discussed in the last section of this article.

Suggested Citation

  • Azizi, Kolsoom & Keshavarz Moraveji, Mostafa & Abedini Najafabadi, Hamed, 2018. "A review on bio-fuel production from microalgal biomass by using pyrolysis method," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3046-3059.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:82:y:2018:i:p3:p:3046-3059
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.033
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032117314144
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.033?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Marcilla, A. & Catalá, L. & García-Quesada, J.C. & Valdés, F.J. & Hernández, M.R., 2013. "A review of thermochemical conversion of microalgae," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 11-19.
    2. López-González, D. & Puig-Gamero, M. & Acién, F.G. & García-Cuadra, F. & Valverde, J.L. & Sanchez-Silva, L., 2015. "Energetic, economic and environmental assessment of the pyrolysis and combustion of microalgae and their oils," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 1752-1770.
    3. López-González, D. & Fernandez-Lopez, M. & Valverde, J.L. & Sanchez-Silva, L., 2014. "Kinetic analysis and thermal characterization of the microalgae combustion process by thermal analysis coupled to mass spectrometry," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 227-237.
    4. Harman-Ware, Anne E. & Morgan, Tonya & Wilson, Michael & Crocker, Mark & Zhang, Jun & Liu, Kunlei & Stork, Jozsef & Debolt, Seth, 2013. "Microalgae as a renewable fuel source: Fast pyrolysis of Scenedesmus sp," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 625-632.
    5. Sirajunnisa, Abdul Razack & Surendhiran, Duraiarasan, 2016. "Algae – A quintessential and positive resource of bioethanol production: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 248-267.
    6. Ziolkowska, Jadwiga R. & Simon, Leo, 2014. "Recent developments and prospects for algae-based fuels in the US," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 847-853.
    7. López-González, D. & Fernandez-Lopez, M. & Valverde, J.L. & Sanchez-Silva, L., 2014. "Pyrolysis of three different types of microalgae: Kinetic and evolved gas analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 33-43.
    8. Bennion, Edward P. & Ginosar, Daniel M. & Moses, John & Agblevor, Foster & Quinn, Jason C., 2015. "Lifecycle assessment of microalgae to biofuel: Comparison of thermochemical processing pathways," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 1062-1071.
    9. Maity, Sunil K., 2015. "Opportunities, recent trends and challenges of integrated biorefinery: Part I," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 1427-1445.
    10. Isahak, Wan Nor Roslam Wan & Hisham, Mohamed W.M. & Yarmo, Mohd Ambar & Yun Hin, Taufiq-yap, 2012. "A review on bio-oil production from biomass by using pyrolysis method," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(8), pages 5910-5923.
    11. Maity, Sunil K., 2015. "Opportunities, recent trends and challenges of integrated biorefinery: Part II," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 1446-1466.
    12. Naik, S.N. & Goud, Vaibhav V. & Rout, Prasant K. & Dalai, Ajay K., 2010. "Production of first and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 578-597, February.
    13. Hognon, Céline & Delrue, Florian & Boissonnet, Guillaume, 2015. "Energetic and economic evaluation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii hydrothermal liquefaction and pyrolysis through thermochemical models," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P1), pages 31-40.
    14. Raheem, Abdul & Wan Azlina, W.A.K.G. & Taufiq Yap, Y.H. & Danquah, Michael K. & Harun, Razif, 2015. "Thermochemical conversion of microalgal biomass for biofuel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 990-999.
    15. Yoo, Gursong & Park, Min S. & Yang, Ji-Won & Choi, Minkee, 2015. "Lipid content in microalgae determines the quality of biocrude and Energy Return On Investment of hydrothermal liquefaction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 354-361.
    16. Bahadar, Ali & Bilal Khan, M., 2013. "Progress in energy from microalgae: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 128-148.
    17. Patel, Madhumita & Kumar, Amit, 2016. "Production of renewable diesel through the hydroprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass-derived bio-oil: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1293-1307.
    18. Singh, Jasvinder & Gu, Sai, 2010. "Commercialization potential of microalgae for biofuels production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(9), pages 2596-2610, December.
    19. Raslavičius, Laurencas & Semenov, Vladimir G. & Chernova, Nadezhda I. & Keršys, Artūras & Kopeyka, Aleksandr K., 2014. "Producing transportation fuels from algae: In search of synergy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 133-142.
    20. Hu, Zhiquan & Zheng, Yang & Yan, Feng & Xiao, Bo & Liu, Shiming, 2013. "Bio-oil production through pyrolysis of blue-green algae blooms (BGAB): Product distribution and bio-oil characterization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 119-125.
    21. Bordoloi, Neonjyoti & Narzari, Rumi & Sut, Debashis & Saikia, Ruprekha & Chutia, Rahul Singh & Kataki, Rupam, 2016. "Characterization of bio-oil and its sub-fractions from pyrolysis of Scenedesmus dimorphus," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 245-253.
    22. Gang Li & Yuguang Zhou & Fang Ji & Ying Liu & Benu Adhikari & Li Tian & Zonghu Ma & Renjie Dong, 2013. "Yield and Characteristics of Pyrolysis Products Obtained from Schizochytrium limacinum under Different Temperature Regimes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(7), pages 1-14, July.
    23. Rizzo, Andrea Maria & Prussi, Matteo & Bettucci, Lorenzo & Libelli, Ilaria Marsili & Chiaramonti, David, 2013. "Characterization of microalga Chlorella as a fuel and its thermogravimetric behavior," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 24-31.
    24. Saber, Mohammad & Nakhshiniev, Bakhtiyor & Yoshikawa, Kunio, 2016. "A review of production and upgrading of algal bio-oil," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 918-930.
    25. Guo, Mingxin & Song, Weiping & Buhain, Jeremy, 2015. "Bioenergy and biofuels: History, status, and perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 712-725.
    26. Na, Jeong-Geol & Park, Young-Kwon & Kim, Doo Il & Oh, You-Kwan & Jeon, Sang Goo & Kook, Jin Woo & Shin, Ji Hoon & Lee, See Hoon, 2015. "Rapid pyrolysis behavior of oleaginous microalga, Chlorella sp. KR-1 with different triglyceride contents," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 779-784.
    27. Suganya, T. & Varman, M. & Masjuki, H.H. & Renganathan, S., 2016. "Macroalgae and microalgae as a potential source for commercial applications along with biofuels production: A biorefinery approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 909-941.
    28. Montingelli, M.E. & Tedesco, S. & Olabi, A.G., 2015. "Biogas production from algal biomass: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 961-972.
    29. Yan, Wei-Hong & Wang, Kai & Duan, Pei-Gao & Wang, Bing & Wang, Feng & Shi, Xian-Lei & Xu, Yu-Ping, 2017. "Catalytic hydropyrolysis and co-hydropyrolysis of algae and used engine oil for the production of hydrocarbon-rich fuel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 1153-1162.
    30. Kadam, K.L, 2002. "Environmental implications of power generation via coal-microalgae cofiring," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 27(10), pages 905-922.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Shirzad, Mohammad & Kazemi Shariat Panahi, Hamed & Dashti, Behrouz B. & Rajaeifar, Mohammad Ali & Aghbashlo, Mortaza & Tabatabaei, Meisam, 2019. "A comprehensive review on electricity generation and GHG emission reduction potentials through anaerobic digestion of agricultural and livestock/slaughterhouse wastes in Iran," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 571-594.
    2. Francisco Rodríguez & Yuby Cruz & Idoia Estiati & Juan F. Saldarriaga, 2019. "Kinetic Study of Corn and Sugarcane Waste Oxidative Pyrolysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-14, December.
    3. Jun Sheng Teh & Yew Heng Teoh & Heoy Geok How & Thanh Danh Le & Yeoh Jun Jie Jason & Huu Tho Nguyen & Dong Lin Loo, 2021. "The Potential of Sustainable Biomass Producer Gas as a Waste-to-Energy Alternative in Malaysia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-31, April.
    4. TsingHai Wang & Cheng-Di Dong & Jui-Yen Lin & Chiu-Wen Chen & Jo-Shu Chang & Hyunook Kim & Chin-Pao Huang & Chang-Mao Hung, 2021. "Recent Advances in Carbon Dioxide Conversion: A Circular Bioeconomy Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-31, June.
    5. Osman, Ahmed I. & Qasim, Umair & Jamil, Farrukh & Al-Muhtaseb, Ala'a H. & Jrai, Ahmad Abu & Al-Riyami, Mohammed & Al-Maawali, Suhaib & Al-Haj, Lamya & Al-Hinai, Amer & Al-Abri, Mohammed & Inayat, Abra, 2021. "Bioethanol and biodiesel: Bibliometric mapping, policies and future needs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    6. Zahedi, Ali Reza & Mirnezami, Seyed Abolfazl, 2020. "Experimental analysis of biomass to biodiesel conversion using a novel renewable combined cycle system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1177-1194.
    7. Gong, Zhiqiang & Fang, Peiwen & Wang, Zhenbo & Li, Xiaoyu & Wang, Zhentong & Meng, Fanzhi, 2020. "Pyrolysis characteristics and products distribution of haematococcus pluvialis microalgae and its extraction residue," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 2134-2141.
    8. Yang, Ziqi & Wu, Yuanqing & Zhang, Zisheng & Li, Hong & Li, Xingang & Egorov, Roman I. & Strizhak, Pavel A. & Gao, Xin, 2019. "Recent advances in co-thermochemical conversions of biomass with fossil fuels focusing on the synergistic effects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 384-398.
    9. Abomohra, Abd El-Fatah & Sheikh, Huda M.A. & El-Naggar, Amal H. & Wang, Qingyuan, 2021. "Microwave vacuum co-pyrolysis of waste plastic and seaweeds for enhanced crude bio-oil recovery: Experimental and feasibility study towards industrialization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    10. Sivabalan Kaniapan & Suhaimi Hassan & Hamdan Ya & Kartikeyan Patma Nesan & Mohammad Azeem, 2021. "The Utilisation of Palm Oil and Oil Palm Residues and the Related Challenges as a Sustainable Alternative in Biofuel, Bioenergy, and Transportation Sector: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-25, March.
    11. Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Farooq, Abid & Gan, Yong Yang & Lee, Keat Teong & Ashokkumar, Veeramuthu, 2019. "Catalytic thermochemical conversion of biomass for biofuel production: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-1.
    12. Lam, Su Shiung & Wan Mahari, Wan Adibah & Ok, Yong Sik & Peng, Wanxi & Chong, Cheng Tung & Ma, Nyuk Ling & Chase, Howard A. & Liew, Zhenling & Yusup, Suzana & Kwon, Eilhann E. & Tsang, Daniel C.W., 2019. "Microwave vacuum pyrolysis of waste plastic and used cooking oil for simultaneous waste reduction and sustainable energy conversion: Recovery of cleaner liquid fuel and techno-economic analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    13. Arun, J. & Raghu, R. & Suhail Madhar Hanif, S. & Thilak, P.G. & Sridhar, D. & Nirmala, N. & Dawn, S.S. & Sivaramakrishnan, R. & Chi, Nguyen Thuy Lan & Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan, 2022. "A comparative review on photo and mixotrophic mode of algae cultivation: Thermochemical processing of biomass, necessity of bio-oil upgrading, challenges and future roadmaps," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    14. Li, Fanghua & Sweeney, Daniel J. & Dai, Yanjun & Wang, Chi-Hwa, 2021. "Effect of novel Ni2P-loaded catalysts on algal pyrolysis bio-oil," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    15. Su, Guangcan & Mohd Zulkifli, Nurin Wahidah & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Ibrahim, Shaliza & Bu, Quan & Zhu, Ruonan, 2022. "Pyrolysis of oil palm wastes for bioenergy in Malaysia: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
    16. Parvez, Ashak Mahmud & Lewis, Jonathan David & Afzal, Muhammad T., 2021. "Potential of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) for bioenergy production in Canada: Status, challenges and outlook," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    17. Sandra Lage & Zivan Gojkovic & Christiane Funk & Francesco G. Gentili, 2018. "Algal Biomass from Wastewater and Flue Gases as a Source of Bioenergy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-30, March.
    18. Nida Khan & Kumarasamy Sudhakar & Rizalman Mamat, 2021. "Role of Biofuels in Energy Transition, Green Economy and Carbon Neutrality," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-30, November.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. López-González, D. & Puig-Gamero, M. & Acién, F.G. & García-Cuadra, F. & Valverde, J.L. & Sanchez-Silva, L., 2015. "Energetic, economic and environmental assessment of the pyrolysis and combustion of microalgae and their oils," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 1752-1770.
    2. Arun, J. & Raghu, R. & Suhail Madhar Hanif, S. & Thilak, P.G. & Sridhar, D. & Nirmala, N. & Dawn, S.S. & Sivaramakrishnan, R. & Chi, Nguyen Thuy Lan & Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan, 2022. "A comparative review on photo and mixotrophic mode of algae cultivation: Thermochemical processing of biomass, necessity of bio-oil upgrading, challenges and future roadmaps," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    3. Chiaramonti, David & Prussi, Matteo & Buffi, Marco & Rizzo, Andrea Maria & Pari, Luigi, 2017. "Review and experimental study on pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae for biofuel production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 963-972.
    4. Jambo, Siti Azmah & Abdulla, Rahmath & Mohd Azhar, Siti Hajar & Marbawi, Hartinie & Gansau, Jualang Azlan & Ravindra, Pogaku, 2016. "A review on third generation bioethanol feedstock," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 756-769.
    5. Zhao, Bingtao & Su, Yaxin & Liu, Dunyu & Zhang, Hang & Liu, Wang & Cui, Guomin, 2016. "SO2/NOx emissions and ash formation from algae biomass combustion: Process characteristics and mechanisms," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 821-830.
    6. Hansen, Samuel & Mirkouei, Amin & Diaz, Luis A., 2020. "A comprehensive state-of-technology review for upgrading bio-oil to renewable or blended hydrocarbon fuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    7. Marwa G. Saad & Noura S. Dosoky & Mohamed S. Zoromba & Hesham M. Shafik, 2019. "Algal Biofuels: Current Status and Key Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-22, May.
    8. Li, Xin & Luo, Xingyi & Jin, Yangbin & Li, Jinyan & Zhang, Hongdan & Zhang, Aiping & Xie, Jun, 2018. "Heterogeneous sulfur-free hydrodeoxygenation catalysts for selectively upgrading the renewable bio-oils to second generation biofuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3762-3797.
    9. Marcin Dębowski & Marcin Zieliński & Joanna Kazimierowicz & Natalia Kujawska & Szymon Talbierz, 2020. "Microalgae Cultivation Technologies as an Opportunity for Bioenergetic System Development—Advantages and Limitations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-37, November.
    10. Hallenbeck, P.C. & Grogger, M. & Mraz, M. & Veverka, D., 2016. "Solar biofuels production with microalgae," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 136-145.
    11. Azizi, Kolsoom & Moshfegh Haghighi, Ali & Keshavarz Moraveji, Mostafa & Olazar, Martin & Lopez, Gartzen, 2019. "Co-pyrolysis of binary and ternary mixtures of microalgae, wood and waste tires through TGA," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 264-271.
    12. Saber, Mohammad & Nakhshiniev, Bakhtiyor & Yoshikawa, Kunio, 2016. "A review of production and upgrading of algal bio-oil," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 918-930.
    13. Raheem, Abdul & Wan Azlina, W.A.K.G. & Taufiq Yap, Y.H. & Danquah, Michael K. & Harun, Razif, 2015. "Thermochemical conversion of microalgal biomass for biofuel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 990-999.
    14. Goh, Brandon Han Hoe & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Cheah, Mei Yee & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Yu, Kai Ling & Mahlia, Teuku Meurah Indra, 2019. "Sustainability of direct biodiesel synthesis from microalgae biomass: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 59-74.
    15. Hu, Yulin & Gong, Mengyue & Feng, Shanghuan & Xu, Chunbao (Charles) & Bassi, Amarjeet, 2019. "A review of recent developments of pre-treatment technologies and hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae for bio-crude oil production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 476-492.
    16. Perkins, Greg & Bhaskar, Thallada & Konarova, Muxina, 2018. "Process development status of fast pyrolysis technologies for the manufacture of renewable transport fuels from biomass," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 292-315.
    17. Yu, Dayu & Hu, Shuang & Liu, Weishan & Wang, Xiaoning & Jiang, Haifeng & Dong, Nanhang, 2020. "Pyrolysis of oleaginous yeast biomass from wastewater treatment: Kinetics analysis and biocrude characterization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 831-839.
    18. Francisco Rodríguez & Yuby Cruz & Idoia Estiati & Juan F. Saldarriaga, 2019. "Kinetic Study of Corn and Sugarcane Waste Oxidative Pyrolysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-14, December.
    19. Söyler, Nejmi & Goldfarb, Jillian L. & Ceylan, Selim & Saçan, Melek Türker, 2017. "Renewable fuels from pyrolysis of Dunaliella tertiolecta: An alternative approach to biochemical conversions of microalgae," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 907-914.
    20. Zharova, P.A. & Chistyakov, A.V. & Shapovalov, S.S. & Pasynskii, A.A. & Tsodikov, M.V., 2019. "Original Pt-Sn/Al2O3 catalyst for selective hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 18-25.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:82:y:2018:i:p3:p:3046-3059. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.