IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v68y2017ip1p432-446.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Energy saving evaluation of passive systems for residential buildings in hot and dry regions

Author

Listed:
  • Goudarzi, Hossein
  • Mostafaeipour, Ali

Abstract

Over the recent decades, the excessive consumption of fossil fuels and its ensuing problems has become a major issue of concern in many countries. This paper assesses the effect of four passive systems, including green roof, roof pond, wind catcher and underground house, for energy saving of a sample house built in Iran's hot and dry region. The objective is pursued by evaluating the impact of each system on a residential house with the dimensions of 13.16m×11.11m×2.8m, located in Kerman city, Iran. This study is conducted for a period of 138 days from May to October, during which the use of cooling energy is considered to be required. The life cycle cost (LCC) including initial, operation and maintenance and the potential of cooling energy saving of each system over a period of 20-year is evaluated. Results show that wind catcher is the most efficient system for saving the cooling energy, and roof garden, roof pond, and underground house hold the next ranks in this respect. In addition, wind catcher is able to reduce cooling energy demand from May to October; while, using other passive techniques decrease total annual energy loss through building envelope. Economic analysis shows that wind catcher and roof pond are the most economical approaches.

Suggested Citation

  • Goudarzi, Hossein & Mostafaeipour, Ali, 2017. "Energy saving evaluation of passive systems for residential buildings in hot and dry regions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P1), pages 432-446.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:68:y:2017:i:p1:p:432-446
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.002
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032116306529
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.002?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Permpituck, Sittipong & Namprakai, Pichai, 2012. "The energy consumption performance of roof lawn gardens in Thailand," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 40(1), pages 98-103.
    2. Mostafaeipour, Ali & Jadidi, Mohsen & Mohammadi, Kasra & Sedaghat, Ahmad, 2014. "An analysis of wind energy potential and economic evaluation in Zahedan, Iran," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 641-650.
    3. Jaffal, Issa & Ouldboukhitine, Salah-Eddine & Belarbi, Rafik, 2012. "A comprehensive study of the impact of green roofs on building energy performance," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 157-164.
    4. Campaniço, Hugo & Hollmuller, Pierre & Soares, Pedro M.M., 2014. "Assessing energy savings in cooling demand of buildings using passive cooling systems based on ventilation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 426-438.
    5. Alkaff, Saqaff A. & Sim, S.C. & Ervina Efzan, M.N., 2016. "A review of underground building towards thermal energy efficiency and sustainable development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 692-713.
    6. Saadatian, Omidreza & Sopian, K. & Lim, C.H. & Asim, Nilofar & Sulaiman, M.Y., 2012. "Trombe walls: A review of opportunities and challenges in research and development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(8), pages 6340-6351.
    7. Sadineni, Suresh B. & Madala, Srikanth & Boehm, Robert F., 2011. "Passive building energy savings: A review of building envelope components," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(8), pages 3617-3631.
    8. Bahadori, Mehdi N., 1994. "Viability of wind towers in achieving summer comfort in the hot arid regions of the middle east," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 5(5), pages 879-892.
    9. Kimura, Ken-ichi, 1994. "Vernacular technologies applied to modern architecture," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 5(5), pages 900-907.
    10. Shamshirband, Shahaboddin & Mohammadi, Kasra & Yee, Por Lip & Petković, Dalibor & Mostafaeipour, Ali, 2015. "A comparative evaluation for identifying the suitability of extreme learning machine to predict horizontal global solar radiation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1031-1042.
    11. Sodha, M.S. & Kumar, A. & Singh, U. & Tiwari, G.N., 1980. "Periodic theory of an open roof pond," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 7(4), pages 305-319, December.
    12. Spanaki, Artemisia & Tsoutsos, Theocharis & Kolokotsa, Dionysia, 2011. "On the selection and design of the proper roof pond variant for passive cooling purposes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(8), pages 3523-3533.
    13. Manzano-Agugliaro, Francisco & Montoya, Francisco G. & Sabio-Ortega, Andrés & García-Cruz, Amós, 2015. "Review of bioclimatic architecture strategies for achieving thermal comfort," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 736-755.
    14. Saadatian, Omidreza & Haw, Lim Chin & Sopian, K. & Sulaiman, M.Y., 2012. "Review of windcatcher technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 1477-1495.
    15. Santamouris, M. & Pavlou, C. & Doukas, P. & Mihalakakou, G. & Synnefa, A. & Hatzibiros, A. & Patargias, P., 2007. "Investigating and analysing the energy and environmental performance of an experimental green roof system installed in a nursery school building in Athens, Greece," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(9), pages 1781-1788.
    16. Peri, Giorgia & Traverso, Marzia & Finkbeiner, Matthias & Rizzo, Gianfranco, 2012. "The cost of green roofs disposal in a life cycle perspective: Covering the gap," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 406-414.
    17. Cuce, Pinar Mert & Riffat, Saffa, 2016. "A state of the art review of evaporative cooling systems for building applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 1240-1249.
    18. Mohammadi, Kasra & Mostafaeipour, Ali & Sabzpooshani, Majid, 2014. "Assessment of solar and wind energy potentials for three free economic and industrial zones of Iran," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 117-128.
    19. Sharifi, Ayyoob & Yamagata, Yoshiki, 2015. "Roof ponds as passive heating and cooling systems: A systematic review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 336-357.
    20. Benhammou, Mohammed & Draoui, Belkacem, 2015. "Parametric study on thermal performance of earth-to-air heat exchanger used for cooling of buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 348-355.
    21. Omer, Abdeen Mustafa, 2008. "Renewable building energy systems and passive human comfort solutions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 12(6), pages 1562-1587, August.
    22. Coma, Julià & Pérez, Gabriel & Solé, Cristian & Castell, Albert & Cabeza, Luisa F., 2016. "Thermal assessment of extensive green roofs as passive tool for energy savings in buildings," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 1106-1115.
    23. Mostafaeipour, Ali & Sedaghat, Ahmad & Ghalishooyan, Morteza & Dinpashoh, Yagob & Mirhosseini, Mojtaba & Sefid, Mohammad & Pour-Rezaei, Maryam, 2013. "Evaluation of wind energy potential as a power generation source for electricity production in Binalood, Iran," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 222-229.
    24. Pacheco, R. & Ordóñez, J. & Martínez, G., 2012. "Energy efficient design of building: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(6), pages 3559-3573.
    25. Wang, Tao & Seo, Seongwon & Liao, Pin-Chao & Fang, Dongping, 2016. "GHG emission reduction performance of state-of-the-art green buildings: Review of two case studies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 484-493.
    26. Unknown, 2016. "Energy for Sustainable Development," Conference Proceedings 253270, Guru Arjan Dev Institute of Development Studies (IDSAsr).
    27. Kojok, Farah & Fardoun, Farouk & Younes, Rafic & Outbib, Rachid, 2016. "Hybrid cooling systems: A review and an optimized selection scheme," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 57-80.
    28. Whiffen, T.R. & Naylor, S. & Hill, J. & Smith, L. & Callan, P.A. & Gillott, M. & Wood, C.J. & Riffat, S.B., 2016. "A concept review of power line communication in building energy management systems for the small to medium sized non-domestic built environment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 618-633.
    29. Ascione, Fabrizio & Bianco, Nicola & de’ Rossi, Filippo & Turni, Gianluca & Vanoli, Giuseppe Peter, 2013. "Green roofs in European climates. Are effective solutions for the energy savings in air-conditioning?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 845-859.
    30. Saeidi, D. & Mirhosseini, M. & Sedaghat, A. & Mostafaeipour, A., 2011. "Feasibility study of wind energy potential in two provinces of Iran: North and South Khorasan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(8), pages 3558-3569.
    31. Mohammadi, Kasra & Shamshirband, Shahaboddin & Petković, Dalibor & Khorasanizadeh, Hossein, 2016. "Determining the most important variables for diffuse solar radiation prediction using adaptive neuro-fuzzy methodology; case study: City of Kerman, Iran," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 1570-1579.
    32. Dehghani-sanij, A.R. & Soltani, M. & Raahemifar, K., 2015. "A new design of wind tower for passive ventilation in buildings to reduce energy consumption in windy regions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 182-195.
    33. Kalantar, Vali, 2009. "Numerical simulation of cooling performance of wind tower (Baud-Geer) in hot and arid region," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 246-254.
    34. Tejero-González, Ana & Andrés-Chicote, Manuel & García-Ibáñez, Paola & Velasco-Gómez, Eloy & Rey-Martínez, Francisco Javier, 2016. "Assessing the applicability of passive cooling and heating techniques through climate factors: An overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 727-742.
    35. Hughes, Ben Richard & Calautit, John Kaiser & Ghani, Saud Abdul, 2012. "The development of commercial wind towers for natural ventilation: A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 606-627.
    36. Runsheng, Tang & Etzion, Y. & Erell, E., 2003. "Experimental studies on a novel roof pond configuration for the cooling of buildings," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 28(10), pages 1513-1522.
    37. Saadatian, Omidreza & Sopian, K. & Salleh, E. & Lim, C.H. & Riffat, Safa & Saadatian, Elham & Toudeshki, Arash & Sulaiman, M.Y., 2013. "A review of energy aspects of green roofs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 23(C), pages 155-168.
    38. Nejat, Payam & Jomehzadeh, Fatemeh & Taheri, Mohammad Mahdi & Gohari, Mohammad & Abd. Majid, Muhd Zaimi, 2015. "A global review of energy consumption, CO2 emissions and policy in the residential sector (with an overview of the top ten CO2 emitting countries)," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 843-862.
    39. Spanaki, Artemisia & Kolokotsa, Dionysia & Tsoutsos, Theocharis & Zacharopoulos, Ilias, 2014. "Assessing the passive cooling effect of the ventilated pond protected with a reflecting layer," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 273-280.
    40. Calautit, John Kaiser & Hughes, Ben Richard, 2016. "A passive cooling wind catcher with heat pipe technology: CFD, wind tunnel and field-test analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 460-471.
    41. Mostafaeipour, Ali & Bardel, Behnoosh & Mohammadi, Kasra & Sedaghat, Ahmad & Dinpashoh, Yagob, 2014. "Economic evaluation for cooling and ventilation of medicine storage warehouses utilizing wind catchers," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 12-19.
    42. Heier, Johan & Bales, Chris & Martin, Viktoria, 2015. "Combining thermal energy storage with buildings – a review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 1305-1325.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Haratian, Mojtaba & Tabibi, Pouya & Sadeghi, Meisam & Vaseghi, Babak & Poustdouz, Amin, 2018. "A renewable energy solution for stand-alone power generation: A case study of KhshU Site-Iran," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 926-935.
    2. Ali Mostafaeipour & Ali Sadeghi Sedeh & Shahariar Chowdhury & Kuaanan Techato, 2020. "Ranking Potential Renewable Energy Systems to Power On-Farm Fertilizer Production," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-27, September.
    3. Jing Dong & Jin Zuo & Jiancheng Luo, 2020. "Development of a Management Framework for Applying Green Roof Policy in Urban China: A Preliminary Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-22, December.
    4. Rafael Suárez & Rocío Escandón & Ramón López-Pérez & Ángel Luis León-Rodríguez & Tillmann Klein & Sacha Silvester, 2018. "Impact of Climate Change: Environmental Assessment of Passive Solutions in a Single-Family Home in Southern Spain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-17, August.
    5. Khalid Almutairi & Elham Manoosi Esfahani & Ali Mostafaeipour & Alibek Issakhov & Chila Kaewpraek & Kuaanan Techato, 2021. "A Novel Policy to Optimize Energy Consumption for Dairy Product Warehouses: A Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-28, February.
    6. Mostafa Kermani & Erfan Shirdare & Saram Abbasi & Giuseppe Parise & Luigi Martirano, 2021. "Elevator Regenerative Energy Applications with Ultracapacitor and Battery Energy Storage Systems in Complex Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-16, June.
    7. Staszczuk, Anna & Wojciech, Magdalena & Kuczyński, Tadeusz, 2017. "The effect of floor insulation on indoor air temperature and energy consumption of residential buildings in moderate climates," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 139-146.
    8. Liu, Zhijian & Liu, Yuanwei & He, Bao-Jie & Xu, Wei & Jin, Guangya & Zhang, Xutao, 2019. "Application and suitability analysis of the key technologies in nearly zero energy buildings in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 329-345.
    9. Mostafaeipour, Ali & Zarezade, Marjan & Goudarzi, Hossein & Rezaei-Shouroki, Mostafa & Qolipour, Mojtaba, 2017. "Investigating the factors on using the solar water heaters for dry arid regions: A case study," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 157-166.
    10. Liu, Miaomiao & Nejat, Payam & Cao, Pinlu & Jimenez-Bescos, Carlos & Calautit, John Kaiser, 2024. "A critical review of windcatcher ventilation: Micro-environment, techno-economics, and commercialisation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    11. Balali, Amirhossein & Yunusa-Kaltungo, Akilu & Edwards, Rodger, 2023. "A systematic review of passive energy consumption optimisation strategy selection for buildings through multiple criteria decision-making techniques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    12. Seyed Mohammad Hossein Zakeri & Amir Mahdiyar, 2020. "The Hindrances to Green Roof Adoption in a Semi-Arid Climate Condition," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-16, November.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zhang, Haihua & Yang, Dong & Tam, Vivian W.Y. & Tao, Yao & Zhang, Guomin & Setunge, Sujeeva & Shi, Long, 2021. "A critical review of combined natural ventilation techniques in sustainable buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    2. Jomehzadeh, Fatemeh & Nejat, Payam & Calautit, John Kaiser & Yusof, Mohd Badruddin Mohd & Zaki, Sheikh Ahmad & Hughes, Ben Richard & Yazid, Muhammad Noor Afiq Witri Muhammad, 2017. "A review on windcatcher for passive cooling and natural ventilation in buildings, Part 1: Indoor air quality and thermal comfort assessment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 736-756.
    3. Rafael Suárez & Rocío Escandón & Ramón López-Pérez & Ángel Luis León-Rodríguez & Tillmann Klein & Sacha Silvester, 2018. "Impact of Climate Change: Environmental Assessment of Passive Solutions in a Single-Family Home in Southern Spain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-17, August.
    4. Mostafaeipour, Ali & Bardel, Behnoosh & Mohammadi, Kasra & Sedaghat, Ahmad & Dinpashoh, Yagob, 2014. "Economic evaluation for cooling and ventilation of medicine storage warehouses utilizing wind catchers," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 12-19.
    5. Tejero-González, Ana & Andrés-Chicote, Manuel & García-Ibáñez, Paola & Velasco-Gómez, Eloy & Rey-Martínez, Francisco Javier, 2016. "Assessing the applicability of passive cooling and heating techniques through climate factors: An overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 727-742.
    6. Liu, Miaomiao & Nejat, Payam & Cao, Pinlu & Jimenez-Bescos, Carlos & Calautit, John Kaiser, 2024. "A critical review of windcatcher ventilation: Micro-environment, techno-economics, and commercialisation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    7. Mihalakakou, Giouli & Souliotis, Manolis & Papadaki, Maria & Menounou, Penelope & Dimopoulos, Panayotis & Kolokotsa, Dionysia & Paravantis, John A. & Tsangrassoulis, Aris & Panaras, Giorgos & Giannako, 2023. "Green roofs as a nature-based solution for improving urban sustainability: Progress and perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    8. Al-Shammari, Eiman Tamah & Keivani, Afram & Shamshirband, Shahaboddin & Mostafaeipour, Ali & Yee, Por Lip & Petković, Dalibor & Ch, Sudheer, 2016. "Prediction of heat load in district heating systems by Support Vector Machine with Firefly searching algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 266-273.
    9. Sharifi, Ayyoob & Yamagata, Yoshiki, 2015. "Roof ponds as passive heating and cooling systems: A systematic review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 336-357.
    10. Lu, Xing & Xu, Peng & Wang, Huilong & Yang, Tao & Hou, Jin, 2016. "Cooling potential and applications prospects of passive radiative cooling in buildings: The current state-of-the-art," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 1079-1097.
    11. Ahmed, Tariq & Kumar, Prashant & Mottet, Laetitia, 2021. "Natural ventilation in warm climates: The challenges of thermal comfort, heatwave resilience and indoor air quality," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    12. Minaeian, Ali & Sedaghat, Ahmad & Mostafaeipour, Ali & Akbar Alemrajabi, Ali, 2017. "Exploring economy of small communities and households by investing on harnessing wind energy in the province of Sistan-Baluchestan in Iran," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 835-847.
    13. Khalid Almutairi & Elham Manoosi Esfahani & Ali Mostafaeipour & Alibek Issakhov & Chila Kaewpraek & Kuaanan Techato, 2021. "A Novel Policy to Optimize Energy Consumption for Dairy Product Warehouses: A Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-28, February.
    14. Saadatian, Omidreza & Sopian, K. & Salleh, E. & Lim, C.H. & Riffat, Safa & Saadatian, Elham & Toudeshki, Arash & Sulaiman, M.Y., 2013. "A review of energy aspects of green roofs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 23(C), pages 155-168.
    15. Soni, Suresh Kumar & Pandey, Mukesh & Bartaria, Vishvendra Nath, 2016. "Hybrid ground coupled heat exchanger systems for space heating/cooling applications: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 724-738.
    16. Zarezade, Mojgan & Mostafaeipour, Ali, 2016. "Identifying the effective factors on implementing the solar dryers for Yazd province, Iran," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 765-775.
    17. Fazelpour, Farivar & Soltani, Nima & Soltani, Sina & Rosen, Marc A., 2015. "Assessment of wind energy potential and economics in the north-western Iranian cities of Tabriz and Ardabil," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 87-99.
    18. Haratian, Mojtaba & Tabibi, Pouya & Sadeghi, Meisam & Vaseghi, Babak & Poustdouz, Amin, 2018. "A renewable energy solution for stand-alone power generation: A case study of KhshU Site-Iran," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 926-935.
    19. Berardi, Umberto & GhaffarianHoseini, AmirHosein & GhaffarianHoseini, Ali, 2014. "State-of-the-art analysis of the environmental benefits of green roofs," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 411-428.
    20. Mollahosseini, Arash & Hosseini, Seyed Amid & Jabbari, Mostafa & Figoli, Alberto & Rahimpour, Ahmad, 2017. "Renewable energy management and market in Iran: A holistic review on current state and future demands," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 774-788.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:68:y:2017:i:p1:p:432-446. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.