A taxonomy for extreme weather events and their impacts on power systems: A comprehensive review of classification, effects, and mitigation strategies

The increased frequency of extreme weather events (EWEs) is intensifying the vulnerability of power systems worldwide. These events, characterized as high-impact and low-probability (HILP), cause prolonged interruptions to the electricity supply and result in high economic losses. However, existing approaches treat weather events in isolation without including their physical characteristics, impacts on infrastructure, and mitigation strategies. This article proposes an integrated approach to classifying EWEs, assessing their effects on power systems, comparing their characteristics and impacts, and identifying mitigation strategies for each EWE category. To this end, a comprehensive literature review was conducted on the Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore databases to map existing knowledge and inform discussions on the subject. Based on the analysis, a taxonomy categorizing six types of weather events (extreme temperatures and heat waves, strong winds and storms, snow and ice, lightning strikes, floods, and droughts) was developed based on physical, operational, and temporal attributes. The research includes a comparative analysis of these events, highlighting differences in intensity, spatial reach, duration, and predictability, as well as their distinct impacts on centralized and decentralized power systems. The results indicate that integrating the classification of events, their effects on the electricity system, and adaptive responses enables the alignment of climate risk characteristics with responses aimed at enhancing the resilience of the electricity system. Therefore, the proposed methodology can support utilities and regulatory bodies in planning and responding to EWEs, thereby promoting greater security and continuity in the energy supply to consumers.