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Testing above the limit: Drinking water contamination and test scores

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  • Marcus, Michelle

Abstract

This paper provides estimates of the contemporaneous effect of drinking water quality violations on students’ academic achievement. Using student-level test score data with residential addresses, geographic information on water systems, and drinking water violations from North Carolina, I estimate the within-student impacts of poor water quality on student test scores. Exposure to a bacteria violation during the school year decreases math scores by about 0.038 standard deviations when the public is uninformed. Results suggest that poor water quality may impact retention or comprehension of material throughout the school year.

Suggested Citation

  • Marcus, Michelle, 2025. "Testing above the limit: Drinking water contamination and test scores," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:pubeco:v:243:y:2025:i:c:s0047272725000118
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105313
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