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A free gift card alternative to price discounts in the newsvendor problem

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  • Khouja, Moutaz
  • Park, Sungjune
  • Zhou, Jing

Abstract

In this paper, we develop a newsvendor model in which the retailer gives “free” gift cards to consumers who purchase a regularly priced product at the end of the selling season instead of discounting the product. The model is developed for a market with patient consumers. We derive the sufficient optimality condition for the retailer's stocking level in the first period and the optimal gift card value in the second period. We also investigate the conditions under which giving gift cards results in higher expected profits than discounting the product. We find that five factors determine the effectiveness of gift cards. The first three factors are consumers' valuation per $1 of gift card, gift card redemption rates, and the average gross margin of the retailer. The last two factors are the degree to which consumers use gift cards to pay for products which they would have purchased from the retailer in the future with cash, and the additional spending above the gift card value consumers make when they redeem the card. The last two factors have a strong interaction. We also find that gift cards can be profitable when patient consumers consistently value each $1 by their redemption probability, even with 100% redemption. Numerical analysis shows that in the presence of patient consumers, increases in the redemption rate may lead to an increase in the expected profit. Similar counter-intuitive behavior of the expected profit occurs with changes in other problem parameters. The analysis also shows that gift cards' profit advantage over discounting increases with the variability of demand. The analysis also indicates that gift cards are most effective for low to medium priced products sold by high margin retailers.

Suggested Citation

  • Khouja, Moutaz & Park, Sungjune & Zhou, Jing, 2013. "A free gift card alternative to price discounts in the newsvendor problem," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 41(4), pages 665-678.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:jomega:v:41:y:2013:i:4:p:665-678
    DOI: 10.1016/j.omega.2012.08.005
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    2. Khouja, Moutaz & Rajagopalan, Hari K. & Zhou, Jing, 2013. "Analysis of the effectiveness of manufacturer-sponsored retailer gift cards in supply chains," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 230(2), pages 333-347.
    3. Janssen, Larissa & Claus, Thorsten & Sauer, Jürgen, 2016. "Literature review of deteriorating inventory models by key topics from 2012 to 2015," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 86-112.
    4. Gandomi, Amir & Zolfaghari, Saeed, 2018. "To tier or not to tier: An analysis of multitier loyalty programs׳ optimality conditions," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 20-36.
    5. Khouja, Moutaz & Pan, Jingming & Zhou, Jing, 2016. "Effects of gift cards on optimal order and discount of seasonal products," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 248(1), pages 159-173.
    6. Cao, Kaiying & Han, Guoxin & Xu, Bing & Wang, Jia, 2020. "Gift card payment or cash payment: Which payment is suitable for trade-in rebate?," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    7. Cao, Kaiying & Xu, Xiaoyan & Bian, Yiwen & Sun, Yanhong, 2019. "Optimal trade-in strategy of business-to-consumer platform with dual-format retailing model," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 181-192.
    8. Khouja, Moutaz & Li, Yuefeng & Zhou, Jing, 2023. "Nonlinear pricing for yield management and countering strategic consumer behavior," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 307(1), pages 212-232.
    9. Zhang, Yue & Hu, Xiaojian & Yao, Gang & Xu, Liangcheng, 2024. "Coupon promotion and inventory strategies of a supplier considering an e-commerce platform's omnichannel coupons," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    10. Yang, Daojian & Qi, Ershi & Li, Yajiao, 2015. "Quick response and supply chain structure with strategic consumers," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1-14.
    11. Seyed Jafar Sadjadi & Hashem Asadi & Ramin Sadeghian & Hadi Sahebi, 2018. "Retailer Stackelberg game in a supply chain with pricing and service decisions and simple price discount contract," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(4), pages 1-24, April.
    12. Caliskan Demirag, Ozgun, 2013. "Performance of weather-conditional rebates under different risk preferences," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 41(6), pages 1053-1067.
    13. Mou, Shandong & Robb, David J. & DeHoratius, Nicole, 2018. "Retail store operations: Literature review and research directions," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 265(2), pages 399-422.
    14. Huang, Kwei-Long & Kuo, Chia-Wei & Shih, Han-Ju, 2017. "Advance selling with freebies and limited production capacity," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 18-28.
    15. Zhou, Wei & Zhang, Keang & Zhang, Ying & Duan, Yunlong, 2021. "Operation strategies with respect to insurance subsidy optimization for online retailers dealing with large items," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    16. Chen, Pingping & Chen, Huiru & Zhao, Ruiqing, 2022. "Price promotions in vertically-related market: Instant discount vs. gift card," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    17. Khouja, Moutaz & Zhou, Jing, 2015. "Channel and pricing decisions in a supply chain with advance selling of gift cards," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 244(2), pages 471-489.

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