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Willingness to report hate crimes: How attitudes, police perceptions, and sexual orientation shape bystander response

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  • Zhang, Chenghui
  • Zhang, Bo

Abstract

While hate crime underreporting is associated with perceptions of police and attitudes toward minorities, less is known about factors that shape bystanders' willingness to report hate crimes. This study focuses on sexual orientation-motivated hate crimes in the US context. Utilizing a social identity theory framework, we examined the interactions of bystanders' sexual orientation, pre-existing attitudes toward sexual minorities, and perceptions of police on their reporting willingness.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhang, Chenghui & Zhang, Bo, 2025. "Willingness to report hate crimes: How attitudes, police perceptions, and sexual orientation shape bystander response," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jcjust:v:97:y:2025:i:c:s0047235225000248
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102375
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Huebner, Beth M. & Schafer, Joseph A. & Bynum, Timothy S., 2004. "African American and White perceptions of police services: Within- and between-group variation," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 123-135.
    2. Jimena Zapata & Justin Sulik & Clemens Wulffen & Ophelia Deroy, 2024. "Bystanders’ collective responses set the norm against hate speech," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-13, December.
    3. Berinsky, Adam J. & Huber, Gregory A. & Lenz, Gabriel S., 2012. "Evaluating Online Labor Markets for Experimental Research: Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk," Political Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 20(3), pages 351-368, July.
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