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Exploring the association between income inequality, racial composition, and fatal police shootings in U.S. counties (2015–2022)

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  • Zare, Hossein
  • Gilmore, Danielle
  • Assari, Shervin
  • Spencer, Michelle
  • Thorpe, Roland Jr
  • Gaskin, Darrell

Abstract

The study determines whether income inequality and racial composition of counties influence the number of residents who have been fatally shot by police.

Suggested Citation

  • Zare, Hossein & Gilmore, Danielle & Assari, Shervin & Spencer, Michelle & Thorpe, Roland Jr & Gaskin, Darrell, 2025. "Exploring the association between income inequality, racial composition, and fatal police shootings in U.S. counties (2015–2022)," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jcjust:v:96:y:2025:i:c:s0047235224001995
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102350
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cassandra Crifasi, 2018. "Gun Policy in the United States: Evidence-Based Strategies to Reduce Gun Violence," Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, Springer, vol. 16(5), pages 579-581, October.
    2. Scott Wolfe & Jeff Rojek & Kyle McLean & Geoffrey Alpert, 2020. "Social Interaction Training to Reduce Police Use of Force," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 687(1), pages 124-145, January.
    3. Hossein Zare & Nicholas S. Meyerson & Paul Delgado & Michelle Spencer & Darrell J. Gaskin & Roland J. Thorpe, 2022. "Association between Neighborhood and Racial Composition of Victims on Fatal Police Shooting and Police Violence: An Integrated Review (2000–2022)," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-21, April.
    4. Mitchell, Jeffrey & Chihaya, Guilherme Kenji, 2022. "Tract level associations between historical residential redlining and contemporary fatal encounters with police," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    5. Mears, Daniel P. & Craig, Miltonette O. & Stewart, Eric A. & Warren, Patricia Y., 2017. "Thinking fast, not slow: How cognitive biases may contribute to racial disparities in the use of force in police-citizen encounters," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 12-24.
    6. Debbink, M.P. & Bader, M.D.M., 2011. "Racial residential segregation and low birth weight in Michigan's metropolitan areas," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 101(9), pages 1714-1720.
    7. Amalia R Miller & Carmit Segal, 2019. "Do Female Officers Improve Law Enforcement Quality? Effects on Crime Reporting and Domestic Violence," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 86(5), pages 2220-2247.
    8. Koslicki, Wendy M. & Lytle, Daniel J. & Willits, Dale W. & Brooks, Rachael, 2021. "‘Rhetoric without reality’ or effective policing strategy? An analysis of the relationship between community policing and police fatal force," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    9. Jonathan Haughton & Shahidur R. Khandker, 2009. "Handbook on Poverty and Inequality," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 11985, April.
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