IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/finlet/v86y2025ipfs1544612325020446.html

ReFi tokens as climate-finance assets: Connectedness with renewable energy token and fossil energy

Author

Listed:
  • Ullah, Alishba Rahman
  • Khurshid, Shahzeb
  • Ullah, Asma Rehman
  • Wojewodzki, Michal
  • Yoon, Seong-Min

Abstract

This paper pioneers exploring the attributes of risk contagion of emerging ReFi token markets, characterized by considerable volatility, through a time–frequency risk spillover within the integrated ReFi–renewable energy token–fossil fuel system. Findings reveal that ReFi tokens (Moss, Klima) and renewable energy tokens (EWT, POWR) act as shock transmitters. In contrast, fossil fuels consistently act as shock absorbers, with short-term spillovers dominating over all domains. Portfolio insights show that ReFi–fossil fuel pairs offer the strongest hedging. In contrast, policy insights underscore the role of ReFi and renewable tokens as tools to redirect capital, strengthen resilience, and support the low-carbon transition.

Suggested Citation

  • Ullah, Alishba Rahman & Khurshid, Shahzeb & Ullah, Asma Rehman & Wojewodzki, Michal & Yoon, Seong-Min, 2025. "ReFi tokens as climate-finance assets: Connectedness with renewable energy token and fossil energy," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 86(PF).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:finlet:v:86:y:2025:i:pf:s1544612325020446
    DOI: 10.1016/j.frl.2025.108790
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1544612325020446
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.frl.2025.108790?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Diebold, Francis X. & Yilmaz, Kamil, 2012. "Better to give than to receive: Predictive directional measurement of volatility spillovers," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 57-66.
    2. Yousaf, Imran & Nekhili, Ramzi & Umar, Muhammad, 2025. "Corrigendum to “Extreme connectedness between renewable energy tokens and fossil fuel markets” [Energy Economics Volume 114, October 2022, 106305]," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    3. Elie Kapengut & Bruce Mizrach, 2023. "An Event Study of the Ethereum Transition to Proof-of-Stake," Commodities, MDPI, vol. 2(2), pages 1-15, March.
    4. Thibault Briera & Julien Lefèvre, 2024. "Reducing the cost of capital through international climate finance to accelerate the renewable energy transition in developing countries," Post-Print hal-04824002, HAL.
    5. Jozef Baruník & Tomáš Křehlík, 2018. "Measuring the Frequency Dynamics of Financial Connectedness and Systemic Risk," Journal of Financial Econometrics, Oxford University Press, vol. 16(2), pages 271-296.
    6. Qian Ding & Jianbai Huang & Jinyu Chen, 2023. "Time-Frequency Spillovers and the Determinants among Fossil Energy, Clean Energy and Metal Markets," The Energy Journal, , vol. 44(2), pages 259-286, March.
    7. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Peng, Zhe & Suleman, Mouhammed Tahir & Nepal, Rabindra & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain, 2020. "Time and frequency connectedness among oil shocks, electricity and clean energy markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    8. repec:aen:journl:ej44-2-chen is not listed on IDEAS
    9. Briera, Thibault & Lefèvre, Julien, 2024. "Reducing the cost of capital through international climate finance to accelerate the renewable energy transition in developing countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    10. Naifar, Nader, 2025. "Interactions between renewable energy tokens, oil shocks, and clean energy investments: Do COP26 policies matter?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    11. Zhao, Mingguo & Park, Hail, 2024. "Quantile time-frequency spillovers among green bonds, cryptocurrencies, and conventional financial markets," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    12. Kayani, Umar & Ullah, Mirzat & Aysan, Ahmet Faruk & Nazir, Sidra & Frempong, Josephine, 2024. "Quantile connectedness among digital assets, traditional assets, and renewable energy prices during extreme economic crisis," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
    13. Guangxi Cao & Fei Xie, 2024. "Extreme risk spillovers across energy and carbon markets: Evidence from the quantile extended joint connectedness approach," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(2), pages 2155-2175, April.
    14. Lei, Heng & Xue, Minggao & Ye, Jing, 2024. "The nexus between ReFi, carbon, fossil energy, and clean energy assets: Quantile time–frequency connectedness and portfolio implications," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yi, Qing & Jiang, Yuanying, 2025. "Time-frequency spillovers between carbon, fossil fuels, and clean energy markets: New insights from the TVP-VAR framework," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    2. Wang, Jue & Zhou, Yuqin & Wu, Shan, 2025. "Quantile time-frequency connectedness and portfolio diversification: A study of clean energy and metal markets," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C).
    3. Li, Xinran & Cheng, Sheng & Liang, Ruibin & Tang, Tao, 2025. "Internal and external risk spillovers in energy and metal markets: the role of economic policy uncertainties," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 1742-1762.
    4. Gök, Remzi, 2025. "Spillovers between cryptocurrency, DeFi, carbon, and energy markets: A frequency quantile-on-quantile perspective," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).
    5. Lei, Heng & Xue, Minggao & Ye, Jing, 2024. "The nexus between ReFi, carbon, fossil energy, and clean energy assets: Quantile time–frequency connectedness and portfolio implications," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    6. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Gul, Raazia & Arfaoui, Nadia & Bakry, Walid & Bhatti, Muhammad Ishaq, 2025. "Riding the storm: AI-driven spillover effects across technology, commodities, and conventional markets," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    7. Elsayed, Ahmed H. & Hoque, Mohammad Enamul & Billah, Mabruk & Alam, Md. Kausar, 2024. "Connectedness across meme assets and sectoral markets: Determinants and portfolio management," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    8. Liu, Yanqiong & Lu, Jinjin & Shi, Fengyuan, 2023. "Spillover relationship between different oil shocks and high- and low-carbon assets: An analysis based on time-frequency spillover effects," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(PC).
    9. Gong, Xiao-Li & Zhao, Min & Wu, Zhuo-Cheng & Jia, Kai-Wen & Xiong, Xiong, 2023. "Research on tail risk contagion in international energy markets—The quantile time-frequency volatility spillover perspective," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
    10. Zhao, Lu-Tao & Liu, Hai-Yi & Chen, Xue-Hui, 2024. "How does carbon market interact with energy and sectoral stocks? Evidence from risk spillover and wavelet coherence," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 33(C).
    11. Wang, Jikai & Qiao, Gaoxiu, 2025. "Extreme events and quantile time-frequency volatility connectedness across crude oil, green bonds and low-carbon equity markets," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77(PA).
    12. Su, Xianfang & Zhao, Yachao, 2025. "Asymmetric time-frequency risk spillovers between the Fourth Industrial Revolution assets and commodity futures: Is economic policy uncertainty a driving factor?," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    13. Su, Xianfang & Zhao, Yachao, 2023. "What has the strongest connectedness with clean energy? Technology, substitutes, or raw materials," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    14. Mbarek, Marouene & Msolli, Badreddine, 2025. "Assessing linkages between supply chain tokens and other assets: Evidence from a time-frequency quantile connectedness approach," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 46(C).
    15. Banerjee, Ameet Kumar & Sensoy, Ahmet & Goodell, John W., 2024. "Connectivity and spillover during crises: Highlighting the prominent and growing role of green energy," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
    16. Hanif, Waqas & El Khoury, Rim & Arfaoui, Nadia & Hammoudeh, Shawkat, 2025. "Are interconnectedness and spillover alike across green sectors during the COVID-19 and the Russia–Ukraine conflict?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    17. Farid, Saqib & Karim, Sitara & Naeem, Muhammad A. & Nepal, Rabindra & Jamasb, Tooraj, 2023. "Co-movement between dirty and clean energy: A time-frequency perspective," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    18. Wei, Yu & Zhang, Jiahao & Bai, Lan & Wang, Yizhi, 2023. "Connectedness among El Niño-Southern Oscillation, carbon emission allowance, crude oil and renewable energy stock markets: Time- and frequency-domain evidence based on TVP-VAR model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 289-309.
    19. Karkowska, Renata & Urjasz, Szczepan, 2024. "Importance of geopolitical risk in volatility structure: New evidence from biofuels, crude oil, and grains commodity markets," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 36(C).
    20. Balli, Faruk & O Balli, Hatice & Nguyen, Thi Thu Ha, 2023. "Dynamic connectedness between crude oil and equity markets: What about the effects of firm's solvency and profitability positions?," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 31(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:finlet:v:86:y:2025:i:pf:s1544612325020446. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/frl .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.