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Energy-economic life cycle assessment (LCA) and greenhouse gas emissions analysis of olive oil production in Iran

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  • Rajaeifar, Mohammad Ali
  • Akram, Asadolah
  • Ghobadian, Barat
  • Rafiee, Shahin
  • Heidari, Mohammad Davoud

Abstract

In this study the energy and economic flows and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of olive oil production in Iran were investigated in terms of a life cycle assessment with considering four main stages of agricultural olive production, olive transportation, olive oil extraction and its oil transportation to the customer centers. Data was collected from 150 olive growers in Guilan province of Iran. Results revealed that the total energy consumption through the olive oil life cycle was 20 344 MJ ha−1 while the mass-based allocation method results indicated that the total energy consumption was 8035 MJ ha−1. The total energy output was estimated as 23 568 MJ ha−1. The total GHG emissions was estimated to 1333 kg ha−1 (CO2eq) while the mass-based allocation method results indicated that the total GHG emissions was 525 kg ha−1 (CO2eq). The agricultural production stage ranked the first in GHG emissions among the four stages with the share of 93.81% of total GHG emissions. Results of econometric model estimation revealed that the impact of human labor, farmyard manure and electricity on olive oil yield and the impact of electricity and chemical fertilizers on GHG emissions were significantly positive.

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  • Rajaeifar, Mohammad Ali & Akram, Asadolah & Ghobadian, Barat & Rafiee, Shahin & Heidari, Mohammad Davoud, 2014. "Energy-economic life cycle assessment (LCA) and greenhouse gas emissions analysis of olive oil production in Iran," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 139-149.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:66:y:2014:i:c:p:139-149
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2013.12.059
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    10. Beatriz Ruiz-Carrasco & Lázuli Fernández-Lobato & Yaiza López-Sánchez & David Vera, 2023. "Life Cycle Assessment of Olive Oil Production in Turkey, a Territory with an Intensive Production Project," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-23, June.
    11. Dassisti, Michele & Intini, Francesca & Chimienti, Michela & Starace, Giuseppe, 2016. "Thermography-enhanced LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) for manufacturing sustainability assessment. The case study of an HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) net company in Italy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 7-18.
    12. Carmen Ferrara & Giovanni De Feo, 2023. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Two Different Packaging Systems for Extra-Virgin Olive Oil: Glass Bottle vs. 100% Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottle," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-15, February.
    13. Mohammadshirazi, Ahmad & Bagheri Kalhor, Elnaz, 2016. "Energy and cost analyses of kombucha beverage production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 668-673.
    14. Donatella Restuccia & Sabrina Antonia Prencipe & Marco Ruggeri & Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri, 2022. "Sustainability Assessment of Different Extra Virgin Olive Oil Extraction Methods through a Life Cycle Thinking Approach: Challenges and Opportunities in the Elaio-Technical Sector," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-18, November.
    15. Salvatore Camposeo & Gaetano Alessandro Vivaldi & Giovanni Russo & Francesca Maria Melucci, 2022. "Intensification in Olive Growing Reduces Global Warming Potential under Both Integrated and Organic Farming," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-19, May.
    16. Shamshirband, Shahaboddin & Khoshnevisan, Benyamin & Yousefi, Marziye & Bolandnazar, Elham & Anuar, Nor Badrul & Abdul Wahab, Ainuddin Wahid & Khan, Saif Ur Rehman, 2015. "A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for energy management of agricultural systems—A case study in Iran," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 457-465.
    17. Rajaeifar, Mohammad Ali & Akram, Asadolah & Ghobadian, Barat & Rafiee, Shahin & Heijungs, Reinout & Tabatabaei, Meisam, 2016. "Environmental impact assessment of olive pomace oil biodiesel production and consumption: A comparative lifecycle assessment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 87-102.
    18. Parascanu, M.M. & Puig Gamero, M. & Sánchez, P. & Soreanu, G. & Valverde, J.L. & Sanchez-Silva, L., 2018. "Life cycle assessment of olive pomace valorisation through pyrolysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 589-601.
    19. Zhen, Wei & Qin, Quande & Qian, Xiaoying & Wei, Yi-Ming, 2018. "Inequality across China's Staple Crops in Energy Consumption and Related GHG Emissions," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 17-30.

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