IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v320y2025ics0360544225011375.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Extreme risk spillovers between SC, WTI and Brent crude oil futures-Evidence from time-varying Granger causality test

Author

Listed:
  • Ren, Xiaohang
  • He, Yue
  • Liu, Chuanwang
  • Tao, Lizhu

Abstract

This research delves into the dynamics of extreme risks within the global crude oil futures market, with a particular focus on the Shanghai Crude Oil futures (SC). By employing Value-at-Risk and Expected Shortfall metrics, the study evaluates extreme risk across SC, West Texas Intermediate (WTI), and Brent markets. Our analysis incorporates a time-varying Granger causality framework to examine the directional influence among these markets, with significant intensifications observed during the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict. This underscores SC's evolving role from a risk receiver to a risk transmitter within the global oil complex. Additionally, this study observes a stronger causal effect of WTI's extreme risks on Brent compared to the reverse, and a notable increase in the bidirectional causality between WTI and Brent during stressful market conditions. These findings enhance the understanding of risk transmission mechanisms in the oil market and have practical implications for risk management, policy formulation, and investment strategies in the context of escalating global uncertainties.

Suggested Citation

  • Ren, Xiaohang & He, Yue & Liu, Chuanwang & Tao, Lizhu, 2025. "Extreme risk spillovers between SC, WTI and Brent crude oil futures-Evidence from time-varying Granger causality test," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:320:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225011375
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.135495
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544225011375
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2025.135495?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Li, Su-Fang & Zhu, Hui-Ming & Yu, Keming, 2012. "Oil prices and stock market in China: A sector analysis using panel cointegration with multiple breaks," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(6), pages 1951-1958.
    2. Atukeren, Erdal & Çevik, Emrah İsmail & Korkmaz, Turhan, 2021. "Volatility spillovers between WTI and Brent spot crude oil prices: an analysis of granger causality in variance patterns over time," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 56(C).
    3. Liu, Min & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2021. "Capturing the dynamics of the China crude oil futures: Markov switching, co-movement, and volatility forecasting," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    4. Li, Jingyu & Liu, Ranran & Yao, Yanzhen & Xie, Qiwei, 2022. "Time-frequency volatility spillovers across the international crude oil market and Chinese major energy futures markets: Evidence from COVID-19," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    5. Cheung, Yin-Wong & Lai, Kon S, 1995. "Lag Order and Critical Values of a Modified Dickey-Fuller Test," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 57(3), pages 411-419, August.
    6. Xiuzhen, Xie & Zheng, Wenxiu & Umair, Muhammad, 2022. "Testing the fluctuations of oil resource price volatility: A hurdle for economic recovery," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    7. Okoroafor, Ugochi Chibuzor & Leirvik, Thomas, 2022. "Time varying market efficiency in the Brent and WTI crude market," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 45(C).
    8. Patton, Andrew J. & Ziegel, Johanna F. & Chen, Rui, 2019. "Dynamic semiparametric models for expected shortfall (and Value-at-Risk)," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 211(2), pages 388-413.
    9. Lu, Feng-bin & Hong, Yong-miao & Wang, Shou-yang & Lai, Kin-keung & Liu, John, 2014. "Time-varying Granger causality tests for applications in global crude oil markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 289-298.
    10. Qi, Haozhi & Ma, Lijun & Peng, Pin & Chen, Hao & Li, Kang, 2022. "Dynamic connectedness between clean energy stock markets and energy commodity markets during times of COVID-19: Empirical evidence from China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    11. Cheung, Yin-Wong & Lai, Kon S, 1995. "Lag Order and Critical Values of the Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 13(3), pages 277-280, July.
    12. Liu, Tangyong & Gong, Xu, 2020. "Analyzing time-varying volatility spillovers between the crude oil markets using a new method," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    13. Toda, Hiro Y. & Yamamoto, Taku, 1995. "Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 66(1-2), pages 225-250.
    14. Huang, Menghao & Shao, Wei & Wang, Jian, 2023. "Correlations between the crude oil market and capital markets under the Russia–Ukraine conflict: A perspective of crude oil importing and exporting countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    15. Corbet, Shaen & Goodell, John W. & Günay, Samet, 2020. "Co-movements and spillovers of oil and renewable firms under extreme conditions: New evidence from negative WTI prices during COVID-19," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    16. Masih, Rumi & Masih, Abul M. M., 2001. "Long and short term dynamic causal transmission amongst international stock markets," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 20(4), pages 563-587, August.
    17. Zhang, Qi & Di, Peng & Farnoosh, Arash, 2021. "Study on the impacts of Shanghai crude oil futures on global oil market and oil industry based on VECM and DAG models," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 223(C).
    18. Cui, Jinxin & Maghyereh, Aktham, 2023. "Higher-order moment risk connectedness and optimal investment strategies between international oil and commodity futures markets: Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia-Ukraine conflict," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    19. Shuping Shi & Stan Hurn & Peter C B Phillips, 2020. "Causal Change Detection in Possibly Integrated Systems: Revisiting the Money–Income Relationship [Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in the United States]," Journal of Financial Econometrics, Society for Financial Econometrics, vol. 18(1), pages 158-180.
    20. Shuping Shi & Peter C. B. Phillips & Stan Hurn, 2018. "Change Detection and the Causal Impact of the Yield Curve," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(6), pages 966-987, November.
    21. Yang, Chen & Lv, Fei & Fang, Libing & Shang, Xingxing, 2020. "The pricing efficiency of crude oil futures in the Shanghai International Exchange," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 36(C).
    22. Yang, Yuying & Ma, Yan-Ran & Hu, Min & Zhang, Dayong & Ji, Qiang, 2021. "Extreme risk spillover between chinese and global crude oil futures," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 40(C).
    23. Xiaohang Ren & Ya Xiao & Feng He & Giray Gozgor, 2024. "The contagion of extreme risks between fossil and green energy markets: evidence from China," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(5), pages 627-642, May.
    24. Ren, Xiaohang & Li, Jingyao & He, Feng & Lucey, Brian, 2023. "Impact of climate policy uncertainty on traditional energy and green markets: Evidence from time-varying granger tests," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    25. Le, Thai-Ha & Boubaker, Sabri & Bui, Manh Tien & Park, Donghyun, 2023. "On the volatility of WTI crude oil prices: A time-varying approach with stochastic volatility," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    26. Dai, Zhifeng & Zhu, Haoyang, 2022. "Time-varying spillover effects and investment strategies between WTI crude oil, natural gas and Chinese stock markets related to belt and road initiative," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    27. Ji, Qiang & Zhang, Dayong, 2019. "China’s crude oil futures: Introduction and some stylized facts," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 376-380.
    28. Cui, Jinxin & Goh, Mark & Zou, Huiwen, 2021. "Coherence, extreme risk spillovers, and dynamic linkages between oil and China’s commodity futures markets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
    29. Sun, Chuanwang & Min, Jialin & Sun, Jiacheng & Gong, Xu, 2023. "The role of China's crude oil futures in world oil futures market and China's financial market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    30. Qi Zhang & Peng Di & Arash Farnoosh, 2021. "Study on the impacts of Shanghai crude oil futures on global oil market and oil industry based on VECM and DAG models," Post-Print hal-03151102, HAL.
    31. LI, Jie & HUANG, Lixin & LI, Ping, 2021. "Are Chinese crude oil futures good hedging tools?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 38(C).
    32. Morten O. Ravn & Zacharias Psaradakis & Martin Sola, 2005. "Markov switching causality and the money-output relationship," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 20(5), pages 665-683.
    33. Mensi, Walid & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2021. "Time and frequency connectedness and network across the precious metal and stock markets: Evidence from top precious metal importers and exporters," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    34. Sigit Perdana & Marc Vielle & Maxime Schenckery, 2022. "European Economic impacts of cutting energy imports from Russia : A computable general equilibrium analysis," Post-Print hal-03887431, HAL.
    35. Wei, Yu & Zhang, Yaojie & Wang, Yudong, 2022. "Information connectedness of international crude oil futures: Evidence from SC, WTI, and Brent," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    36. Ma, Feng & Liao, Yin & Zhang, Yaojie & Cao, Yang, 2019. "Harnessing jump component for crude oil volatility forecasting in the presence of extreme shocks," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 40-55.
    37. Wang, Feng & Ye, Xin & Wu, Congxin, 2019. "Multifractal characteristics analysis of crude oil futures prices fluctuation in China," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 533(C).
    38. Kang, Sang Hoon & Cheong, Chongcheul & Yoon, Seong-Min, 2011. "Structural changes and volatility transmission in crude oil markets," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 390(23), pages 4317-4324.
    39. Hailemariam, Abebe & Smyth, Russell & Zhang, Xibin, 2019. "Oil prices and economic policy uncertainty: Evidence from a nonparametric panel data model," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 40-51.
    40. Khan, Khalid & Su, Chi Wei & Koseoglu, Sinem Derindere, 2022. "Who are the influencers in the commodity markets during COVID-19?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    41. Dogan, Eyup & Majeed, Muhammad Tariq & Luni, Tania, 2022. "Analyzing the nexus of COVID-19 and natural resources and commodities: Evidence from time-varying causality," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    42. Richard Gerlach & Chao Wang, 2016. "Forecasting risk via realized GARCH, incorporating the realized range," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(4), pages 501-511, April.
    43. Shao, Mingao & Hua, Yongjun, 2022. "Price discovery efficiency of China's crude oil futures: Evidence from the Shanghai crude oil futures market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ren, Xiaohang & Fu, Chenjia & Tao, Lizhu & Yuan, Li & Xu, Ziyue, 2025. "Financialization trends and climate policy uncertainty: Implications for China’s nonferrous metal market," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77(PA).
    2. Wang, Jikai & Qiao, Gaoxiu, 2025. "Extreme events and quantile time-frequency volatility connectedness across crude oil, green bonds and low-carbon equity markets," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77(PA).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yang, Jie & Feng, Yun & Yang, Hao, 2025. "Multiscale dynamic interdependency between China’s crude oil futures and petrochemical-related commodity futures: An integrated perspective from the industry chain system," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(PA).
    2. Zhang, Jiaming & Guo, Songlin & Dou, Bin & Xie, Bingyuan, 2023. "Evidence of the internationalization of China's crude oil futures: Asymmetric linkages to global financial risks," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(PA).
    3. Su, Tong & Lin, Boqiang, 2024. "Reassessing the information transmission and pricing influence of Shanghai crude oil futures: A time-varying perspective," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    4. Ren, Xiaohang & Fu, Chenjia & Jin, Yi, 2025. "Climate risk perception and oil financialization in China: Evidence from a time-varying Granger model," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    5. Cui, Jinxin & Maghyereh, Aktham, 2023. "Time-frequency dependence and connectedness among global oil markets: Fresh evidence from higher-order moment perspective," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 30(C).
    6. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Gul, Raazia & Shafiullah, Muhammad & Karim, Sitara & Lucey, Brian M., 2024. "Tail risk spillovers between Shanghai oil and other markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    7. Hu, Genhua & Jiang, Haifeng, 2023. "Time-varying jumps in China crude oil futures market impacted by COVID-19 pandemic," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    8. Naqvi, Bushra & Mirza, Nawazish & Umar, Muhammad & Rizvi, Syed Kumail Abbas, 2023. "Shanghai crude oil futures: Returns Independence, volatility asymmetry, and hedging potential," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    9. Shi, Chunpei & Wei, Yu & Li, Xiafei & Liu, Yuntong, 2023. "Combination forecasts of China's oil futures returns based on multiple uncertainties and their connectedness with oil," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    10. Yang, Jie & Feng, Yun & Yang, Hao, 2024. "The spillover and comovement of downside and upside tail risks among crude oil futures markets," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA).
    11. Banerjee, Ameet Kumar & Dionisio, Andreia & Sensoy, Ahmet & Goodell, John W., 2024. "Extant linkages between Shanghai crude oil and US energy futures: Insights from spillovers of higher-order moments," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    12. Ren, Xiaohang & Fu, Chenjia & Jin, Chenglu & Li, Yuyi, 2024. "Dynamic causality between global supply chain pressures and China's resource industries: A time-varying Granger analysis," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 95(PA).
    13. Corbet, Shaen & Hou, Yang (Greg) & Hu, Yang & Oxley, Les, 2022. "The growth of oil futures in China: Evidence of market maturity through global crises," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
    14. Ren, Xiaohang & Li, Jingyao & He, Feng & Lucey, Brian, 2023. "Impact of climate policy uncertainty on traditional energy and green markets: Evidence from time-varying granger tests," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    15. Chai, Li & Wang, Yuqi & Qi, Xiaohong, 2024. "Cross-category connectedness between Shanghai crude oil futures and Chinese stock markets related to the Belt and Road Initiative," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    16. Yan, Wan-Lin & Cheung, Adrian (Wai Kong), 2025. "Quantile connectedness among climate policy uncertainty, news sentiment, oil and renewables in China," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    17. Zhang, Jiahao & Zhang, Yifeng & Wei, Yu & Wang, Zhuo, 2024. "Normal and extreme impact and connectedness between fossil energy futures markets and uncertainties: Does El Niño-Southern Oscillation matter?," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 89(PB), pages 188-215.
    18. Sun, Chuanwang & Peng, Yiqi & Zhan, Yanhong, 2023. "How does China's crude oil futures affect the crude oil prices at home and abroad? Evidence from the cross-market exchange rate spillovers," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 204-222.
    19. Liu, Rongyan & He, Lingyun & Xia, Yufei & Fu, Yating & Chen, Ling, 2023. "Research on the time-varying effects among green finance markets in China: A fresh evidence from multi-frequency scale perspective," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    20. Long, Houyin & Huang, Xiang & Wang, Jiaxin, 2023. "How does energy finance promote energy transition? Evidence from Shanghai crude oil futures," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:320:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225011375. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.