IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v316y2025ics0360544225000258.html

Technology into reality: Disentangling the challenges of shared autonomous electric vehicles implementation from stakeholder perspectives

Author

Listed:
  • Duan, Xu
  • Si, Hongyun
  • Xiang, Pengcheng

Abstract

Shared autonomous electric vehicles (SAEVs) combine the advantages of shared mobility, electric and autonomous vehicles, revolutionizing the future of urban transport systems. SAEVs implementation should be supported by diverse stakeholders who are influenced and can influence its development. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the challenges of SAEVs implementation from stakeholder perspectives. According to a literature review and expert consultation, a list of seventeen challenges of SAEVs implementation considering stakeholders (i.e., users, legislators, operators and manufacturers) is compiled. Then, a combination of methods is utilized, including decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL), interpretative structural modeling (ISM), and matrix impacts cross-reference multiplication applied to a classification (MICMAC). A hierarchical structure is created to reflect the interactions between challenges. Critical challenges at a deep level are cyber security and automation standards, and the direct challenges at a shallow level are testing and certification, travel preferences changing, and initial cost. In addition, the interrelationships between challenges are analyzed, and the most significant ones are identified. The practical implication guidelines for SAEVs development are formulated for various stakeholders to focus on critical challenges and developing proactive strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Duan, Xu & Si, Hongyun & Xiang, Pengcheng, 2025. "Technology into reality: Disentangling the challenges of shared autonomous electric vehicles implementation from stakeholder perspectives," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 316(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:316:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225000258
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.134383
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544225000258
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2025.134383?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sujanie Peiris & Janneke Berecki-Gisolf & Bernard Chen & Brian Fildes, 2020. "Road Trauma in Regional and Remote Australia and New Zealand in Preparedness for ADAS Technologies and Autonomous Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-26, May.
    2. Paddeu, Daniela & Shergold, Ian & Parkhurst, Graham, 2020. "The social perspective on policy towards local shared autonomous vehicle services (LSAVS)," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 116-126.
    3. Hopkins, Debbie & Schwanen, Tim, 2021. "Talking about automated vehicles: What do levels of automation do?," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    4. Kang, Di & Levin, Michael W., 2021. "Maximum-stability dispatch policy for shared autonomous vehicles," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 132-151.
    5. Ljubi, Klara & Groznik, Aleš, 2023. "Role played by social factors and privacy concerns in autonomous vehicle adoption," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 1-15.
    6. Liu, Zhiyong & Li, Ruimin & Dai, Jingchen, 2022. "Effects and feasibility of shared mobility with shared autonomous vehicles: An investigation based on data-driven modeling approach," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 206-226.
    7. Merfeld, Katrin & Wilhelms, Mark-Philipp & Henkel, Sven & Kreutzer, Karin, 2019. "Carsharing with shared autonomous vehicles: Uncovering drivers, barriers and future developments – A four-stage Delphi study," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 66-81.
    8. Leminen, Seppo & Rajahonka, Mervi & Wendelin, Robert & Westerlund, Mika & Nyström, Anna-Greta, 2022. "Autonomous vehicle solutions and their digital servitization business models," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    9. Loeb, Benjamin & Kockelman, Kara M., 2019. "Fleet performance and cost evaluation of a shared autonomous electric vehicle (SAEV) fleet: A case study for Austin, Texas," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 374-385.
    10. Wu, Min & Wang, Nanxi & Yuen, Kum Fai, 2023. "Can autonomy level and anthropomorphic characteristics affect public acceptance and trust towards shared autonomous vehicles?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    11. Hamburger, Yair Amichai & Sela, Yaron & Kaufman, Sharon & Wellingstein, Tamar & Stein, Noy & Sivan, Joel, 2022. "Personality and the autonomous vehicle: Overcoming psychological barriers to the driverless car," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    12. He, Yongming & Kang, Jia & Pei, Yulong & Ran, Bin & Song, Yuting, 2021. "Research on influencing factors of fuel consumption on superhighway based on DEMATEL-ISM model," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    13. Farshchian, Ghazaleh & Darestani, Soroush Avakh & Hamidi, Naser, 2021. "Developing a decision-making dashboard for power losses attributes of Iran’s electricity distribution network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    14. Hussain Bux & Zhe Zhang & Naveed Ahmad, 2020. "Promoting sustainability through corporate social responsibility implementation in the manufacturing industry: An empirical analysis of barriers using the ISM‐MICMAC approach," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 27(4), pages 1729-1748, July.
    15. Raj, Alok & Kumar, J. Ajith & Bansal, Prateek, 2020. "A multicriteria decision making approach to study barriers to the adoption of autonomous vehicles," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 122-137.
    16. Moktadir, Md Abdul & Ali, Syed Mithun & Jabbour, Charbel Jose Chiappetta & Paul, Ananna & Ahmed, Sobur & Sultana, Razia & Rahman, Towfique, 2019. "Key factors for energy-efficient supply chains: Implications for energy policy in emerging economies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    17. Christina Pakusch & Gunnar Stevens & Alexander Boden & Paul Bossauer, 2018. "Unintended Effects of Autonomous Driving: A Study on Mobility Preferences in the Future," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-22, July.
    18. Gurumurthy, Krishna Murthy & Kockelman, Kara M., 2022. "Dynamic ride-sharing impacts of greater trip demand and aggregation at stops in shared autonomous vehicle systems," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 114-125.
    19. Levin, Michael W., 2022. "A general maximum-stability dispatch policy for shared autonomous vehicle dispatch with an analytical characterization of the maximum throughput," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 258-280.
    20. Hongyun Si & Jiangang Shi & Wenwen Hua & Long Cheng & Jonas De Vos & Wenxiang Li, 2023. "What influences people to choose ridesharing? An overview of the literature," Transport Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(6), pages 1211-1236, November.
    21. Huo, Tengfei & Cong, Xiaobo & Cheng, Cong & Cai, Weiguang & Zuo, Jian, 2023. "What is the driving mechanism for the carbon emissions in the building sector? An integrated DEMATEL-ISM model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    22. Tengilimoglu, Oguz & Carsten, Oliver & Wadud, Zia, 2023. "Implications of automated vehicles for physical road environment: A comprehensive review," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    23. Wu, Yunna & Xu, Minjia & Tao, Yao & He, Jiaming & Liao, Yijia & Wu, Man, 2022. "A critical barrier analysis framework to the development of rural distributed PV in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    24. Zeinalnezhad, Masoomeh & Chofreh, Abdoulmohammad Gholamzadeh & Goni, Feybi Ariani & Hashemi, Leila Sadat & Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír, 2021. "A hybrid risk analysis model for wind farms using Coloured Petri Nets and interpretive structural modelling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    25. Hamadneh, Jamil & Duleba, Szabolcs & Esztergár-Kiss, Domokos, 2022. "Stakeholder viewpoints analysis of the autonomous vehicle industry by using multi-actors multi-criteria analysis," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 65-84.
    26. Nastjuk, Ilja & Herrenkind, Bernd & Marrone, Mauricio & Brendel, Alfred Benedikt & Kolbe, Lutz M., 2020. "What drives the acceptance of autonomous driving? An investigation of acceptance factors from an end-user's perspective," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    27. Jafari-Sadeghi, Vahid & Amoozad Mahdiraji, Hannan & Busso, Donatella & Yahiaoui, Dorra, 2022. "Towards agility in international high-tech SMEs: Exploring key drivers and main outcomes of dynamic capabilities," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    28. Saeed, Tariq Usman & Burris, Mark W. & Labi, Samuel & Sinha, Kumares C., 2020. "An empirical discourse on forecasting the use of autonomous vehicles using consumers’ preferences," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    29. Jafari-Sadeghi, Vahid & Amoozad Mahdiraji, Hannan & Devalle, Alain & Pellicelli, Anna Claudia, 2022. "Somebody is hiding something: Disentangling interpersonal level drivers and consequences of knowledge hiding in international entrepreneurial firms," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 383-396.
    30. Zhang, Wenwen & Wang, Kaidi, 2020. "Parking futures: Shared automated vehicles and parking demand reduction trajectories in Atlanta," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    31. Kumar, Girish & James, Ajith Tom & Choudhary, Krishna & Sahai, Rishi & Song, Weon Keun, 2022. "Investigation and analysis of implementation challenges for autonomous vehicles in developing countries using hybrid structural modeling," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    32. Kaddoura, Ihab & Bischoff, Joschka & Nagel, Kai, 2020. "Towards welfare optimal operation of innovative mobility concepts: External cost pricing in a world of shared autonomous vehicles," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 48-63.
    33. Ocampo, Lanndon & Yamagishi, Kafferine, 2020. "Modeling the lockdown relaxation protocols of the Philippine government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: An intuitionistic fuzzy DEMATEL analysis," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    34. Kenesei, Zsófia & Ásványi, Katalin & Kökény, László & Jászberényi, Melinda & Miskolczi, Márk & Gyulavári, Tamás & Syahrivar, Jhanghiz, 2022. "Trust and perceived risk: How different manifestations affect the adoption of autonomous vehicles," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 379-393.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Bian, Jiang & Huang, Helai & Yu, Qianyuan & Zhou, Rui, 2025. "Search-to-Crash: Generating safety-critical scenarios from in-depth crash data for testing autonomous vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    2. Ramul, Ali Rashid & Shahraki, Atefeh Salimi & Bachache, Nasseer K. & Sadeghi, Ramtin, 2025. "Cyberspace enhancement of electric vehicle charging stations in smart grids based on detection and resilience measures against hybrid cyberattacks: A multi-agent deep reinforcement learning approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yoganathan, Vignesh & Osburg, Victoria-Sophie, 2024. "Heterogenous evaluations of autonomous vehicle services: An extended theoretical framework and empirical evidence," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    2. Li, Dun & Huang, Youlin & Qian, Lixian, 2022. "Potential adoption of robotaxi service: The roles of perceived benefits to multiple stakeholders and environmental awareness," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 120-135.
    3. Su, Yu-Shan & Huang, Hsini & Daim, Tugrul & Chien, Pan-Wei & Peng, Ru-Ling & Karaman Akgul, Arzu, 2023. "Assessing the technological trajectory of 5G-V2X autonomous driving inventions: Use of patent analysis," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    4. Lin, Yuqian & Zhang, Kenan & Kondor, Daniel & Zhao, Zhan & Ratti, Carlo & Xu, Yang, 2026. "Exploring influential factors of fleet and parking management in shared autonomous vehicle systems: An agent-based simulation framework," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    5. Zhang, Xiang & Sun, Haojie & Pei, Xiaoyang & Guan, Linghui & Wang, Zihao, 2024. "Evolution of technology investment and development of robotaxi services," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    6. Peer, Stefanie & Müller, Johannes & Naqvi, Asjad & Straub, Markus, 2024. "Introducing shared, electric, autonomous vehicles (SAEVs) in sub-urban zones: Simulating the case of Vienna," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 232-243.
    7. Amalia Polydoropoulou & Ioannis Tsouros & Nikolas Thomopoulos & Cristina Pronello & Arnór Elvarsson & Haraldur Sigþórsson & Nima Dadashzadeh & Kristina Stojmenova & Jaka Sodnik & Stelios Neophytou & D, 2021. "Who Is Willing to Share Their AV? Insights about Gender Differences among Seven Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-19, April.
    8. Waltermann, Juliana & Henkel, Sven, 2025. "The human element in autonomous driving: Motivations, expectations, and behavioral change," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    9. Xing, Yingying & Li, Lun & Sheng, Xiaolu & Zhou, Huiyu & Han, Xiao, 2025. "Understanding public perceptions of autonomous vehicles: A structural model to urban-rural differences and psychological factors," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 70-84.
    10. Xinghua Li & Jieru Zou & Shubham Agrawal & Yuntao Guo & Tianpei Tang & Xi Feng, 2026. "Role of policy and consumer attitudes in people’s intention to use autonomous vehicles: a comparative study in China and the USA," Transportation, Springer, vol. 53(2), pages 603-650, April.
    11. Huang, Youlin & Qian, Lixian, 2025. "Consumer preferences and willingness to pay for data privacy in automated vehicles," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    12. Liu, Xinglei & Liu, Jun & Ren, Kezheng & Liu, Xiaoming & Liu, Jiacheng, 2022. "An integrated fuzzy multi-energy transaction evaluation approach for energy internet markets considering judgement credibility and variable rough precision," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PB).
    13. Lindgren, Thomas & Pink, Sarah & Fors, Vaike, 2021. "Fore-sighting autonomous driving - An Ethnographic approach," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    14. Fu, Hanlong & Fu, Xiaowen & Ye, Shi & Wang, Kun & Chen, Tiantian, 2025. "Understanding preferences for autonomous trucks functions in China: Insights from drivers and organizational buyers," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 110-119.
    15. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman & Jean-Claude Thill, 2026. "Who is inclined to buy an autonomous vehicle? Empirical evidence from California," Transportation, Springer, vol. 53(1), pages 71-104, February.
    16. Zarbakhshnia, Navid & Ma, Zhenliang, 2024. "Critical success factors for the adoption of AVs in sustainable urban transportation," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 62-76.
    17. Kum Fai Yuen & Ling Qian Choo & Xue Li & Yiik Diew Wong & Fei Ma & Xueqin Wang, 2023. "A theoretical investigation of user acceptance of autonomous public transport," Transportation, Springer, vol. 50(2), pages 545-569, April.
    18. Zwick, Felix & Kuehnel, Nico & Hörl, Sebastian, 2022. "Shifts in perspective: Operational aspects in (non-)autonomous ride-pooling simulations," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 300-320.
    19. Chunqin Zhang & Hongbin Ma & Xiangyu Xing & Muhan Huang & Nan Lin & Di Yao, 2025. "The influence mechanism of the willingness to use autonomous taxis: A combined analysis of social listening and questionnaire survey," Transportation, Springer, vol. 52(6), pages 2475-2509, December.
    20. Su, Lin & Murthy Gurumurthy, Krishna & Kockelman, Kara M., 2025. "Siting and sizing of public–private charging stations impacts on household and electric vehicle fleets," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:316:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225000258. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.