IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/transa/v195y2025ics0965856425000643.html

Siting and sizing of public–private charging stations impacts on household and electric vehicle fleets

Author

Listed:
  • Su, Lin
  • Murthy Gurumurthy, Krishna
  • Kockelman, Kara M.

Abstract

To facilitate the provision of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) in urban areas, this study investigates the benefits of co-locating fleet-owned chargers with public charging stations to enable construction incentives and cord-sharing cost savings. Shared EVCS can serve charging demand from both user types: private (household) EV owners and those managing fleet vehicles – like shared and fully automated EV (SAEV) fleets. Using POLARIS to simulate all person-travel across the 6-county Austin, Texas region, new EVCS were sited and sized with DC fast-charging (DCFC) plugs to lower operating and construction costs while providing public + private (PP) service across an 81-square-mile core geofence (where 200 SAEVs were active) over 24-hour days. When co-location is permitted, 115 DCFC cords were added to the 23 existing (publicly available) stations to enable SAEVs and household EVs (HHEVs) charging access, within the geofence. Each 250-mile-range SAEV was simulated to travel an average of 330 miles per day, serve over 92 person-trips, and recharge 2.7 times a day (for 2.4 h per session). The new DCFC plugs were primarily added to public EVCS at shopping centers and schools, and in residential settings along freeways. The average plug served 4.8 EVs per day. Most co-located PP EVCS permitted immediate (no-wait) charging, except for 2 stations along freeways that averaged 8 min of wait time to begin charging. The co-location strategy lowered fleet owners’ initial EVCS construction costs by 12 % (thanks to cord-sharing to avoid cord duplication), while reducing SAEV wait times to just 3.1 min (versus 10.7 min if SAEV managers had to build and operate their own EVCS).

Suggested Citation

  • Su, Lin & Murthy Gurumurthy, Krishna & Kockelman, Kara M., 2025. "Siting and sizing of public–private charging stations impacts on household and electric vehicle fleets," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:transa:v:195:y:2025:i:c:s0965856425000643
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2025.104436
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856425000643
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.tra.2025.104436?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lin Su & Kara M. Kockelman, 2024. "Shared EV charging stations for the Austin area: opportunities for public-private partnerships," Transportation Planning and Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(8), pages 1314-1330, November.
    2. Loeb, Benjamin & Kockelman, Kara M., 2019. "Fleet performance and cost evaluation of a shared autonomous electric vehicle (SAEV) fleet: A case study for Austin, Texas," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 374-385.
    3. Long He & Guangrui Ma & Wei Qi & Xin Wang, 2021. "Charging an Electric Vehicle-Sharing Fleet," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 23(2), pages 471-487, March.
    4. Eleftherios Anastasiadis & Panagiotis Angeloudis & Daniel Ainalis & Qiming Ye & Pei-Yuan Hsu & Renos Karamanis & Jose Escribano Macias & Marc Stettler, 2020. "On the Selection of Charging Facility Locations for EV-Based Ride-Hailing Services: A Computational Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-16, December.
    5. Ding, Yanyan & Jian, Sisi, 2022. "Strategic collaboration between land owners and charging station operators: Lease or outsource?," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 183-211.
    6. Alp, Osman & Tan, Tarkan & Udenio, Maximiliano, 2022. "Transitioning to sustainable freight transportation by integrating fleet replacement and charging infrastructure decisions," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    7. Gurumurthy, Krishna Murthy & Kockelman, Kara M., 2022. "Dynamic ride-sharing impacts of greater trip demand and aggregation at stops in shared autonomous vehicle systems," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 114-125.
    8. Huang, Xingjun & Lin, Yun & Lim, Ming K. & Zhou, Fuli & Ding, Rui & Zhang, Zusheng, 2022. "Evolutionary dynamics of promoting electric vehicle-charging infrastructure based on public–private partnership cooperation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PD).
    9. Sun, Zhuo & Gao, Wei & Li, Bin & Wang, Longlong, 2020. "Locating charging stations for electric vehicles," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 48-54.
    10. Yang, Anni & Liu, Chenhui & Yang, Di & Lu, Chaoru, 2023. "Electric vehicle adoption in a mature market: A case study of Norway," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 106(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Feng, Jian & Yao, Yifan & Liu, Zhenfeng & Liu, Zhenling, 2024. "Electric vehicle charging stations' installing strategies: Considering government subsidies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 370(C).
    2. Duan, Xu & Si, Hongyun & Xiang, Pengcheng, 2025. "Technology into reality: Disentangling the challenges of shared autonomous electric vehicles implementation from stakeholder perspectives," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 316(C).
    3. Goh, Hui Hwang & Huang, Changhe & Liang, Xue & Xie, Haonan & Zhang, Dongdong & Dai, Wei & Kurniawan, Tonni Agustiono & Wong, Shen Yuong & Goh, Kai Chen, 2025. "Sustainable development through the balancing of photovoltaic charging facilities and agriculture for energy harvesting," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PA).
    4. Sun, Jie & Sun, Siying & Chen, Boli & Hu, Yukun, 2024. "Charging change: Analysing the UK's electric vehicle infrastructure policies and market dynamics," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    5. Sezer, Nurettin & Bayhan, Sertac, 2026. "Towards clean urban mobility: A hydrogen-powered self-sustaining dual station for fuel cell and battery electric bus fleets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 344(C).
    6. Cai, Jinshu & Ding, Yanyan & Jian, Sisi, 2025. "Regulation of price discrimination in the transportation market under duopoly competition," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    7. Liu, Jicheng & Sun, Jiakang & Yuan, Hanying & Su, Yihan & Feng, Shuxian & Lu, Chaoran, 2022. "Behavior analysis of photovoltaic-storage-use value chain game evolution in blockchain environment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    8. Yan, Pengyu & Yu, Kaize & Chao, Xiuli & Chen, Zhibin, 2023. "An online reinforcement learning approach to charging and order-dispatching optimization for an e-hailing electric vehicle fleet," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 310(3), pages 1218-1233.
    9. Gurumurthy, Krishna Murthy & Kockelman, Kara M., 2021. "Impacts of shared automated vehicles on airport access and operations, with opportunities for revenue recovery: Case Study of Austin, Texas," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    10. Fu, Hanlong & Fu, Xiaowen & Ye, Shi & Wang, Kun & Chen, Tiantian, 2025. "Understanding preferences for autonomous trucks functions in China: Insights from drivers and organizational buyers," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 110-119.
    11. Lin, Yuqian & Zhang, Kenan & Kondor, Daniel & Zhao, Zhan & Ratti, Carlo & Xu, Yang, 2026. "Exploring influential factors of fleet and parking management in shared autonomous vehicle systems: An agent-based simulation framework," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    12. Ding, Yanyan & Jian, Sisi, 2024. "Strategic investment in charging infrastructure: Sharing costs or taking over?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 376(PA).
    13. Togun, Hussein & Basem, Ali & Abdulrazzaq, Tuqa & Biswas, Nirmalendu & Abed, Azher M. & dhabab, Jameel M. & Chattopadhyay, Anirban & Slimi, Khalifa & Paul, Dipankar & Barmavatu, Praveen & Chrouda, Ama, 2025. "Development and comparative analysis between battery electric vehicles (BEV) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV)," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 388(C).
    14. Liu, Changyu & Song, Yadong & Wang, Wei & Shi, Xunpeng, 2023. "The governance of manufacturers’ greenwashing behaviors: A tripartite evolutionary game analysis of electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
    15. Vitor Furlanetto Barrionuevo & Mario Henrique Callefi & Moacir Godinho Filho & Matthias Thürer & Gilberto Miller Devós Ganga & Marina Ivanova, 2025. "Synergistic Effects of Tech‐Enabled Capabilities for Sustainability in Road Freight Transportation," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(8), pages 10131-10154, December.
    16. Li Chen & Long He & Yangfang (Helen) Zhou, 2024. "An Exponential Cone Programming Approach for Managing Electric Vehicle Charging," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 72(5), pages 2215-2240, September.
    17. Szabó, Dávid Zoltán & Csóka, Péter & Janosik, Réka, 2025. "The optimal timing of clean technology adoption: A stochastic cost–benefit analysis," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 219(C).
    18. N. Bora Keskin & Yuexing Li & Nur Sunar, 2025. "Data-Driven Clustering and Feature-Based Retail Electricity Pricing with Smart Meters," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 73(5), pages 2636-2660, September.
    19. Idiano D’Adamo & Massimo Gastaldi & Jacopo Piccioni & Paolo Rosa, 2023. "The Role of Automotive Flexibility in Supporting the Diffusion of Sustainable Mobility Initiatives: A Stakeholder Attitudes Assessment," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 24(3), pages 459-481, September.
    20. Pichamon Keawthong & Veera Muangsin & Chupun Gowanit, 2022. "Location Selection of Charging Stations for Electric Taxis: A Bangkok Case," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-23, September.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:transa:v:195:y:2025:i:c:s0965856425000643. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/547/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.