IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v214y2021ics0360544220319903.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Configuration and system operation for battery swapping stations in Beijing

Author

Listed:
  • Liang, Yanni
  • Cai, Hua
  • Zou, Guilin

Abstract

To enhance the energy saving, emission reduction, and economic feasibility of battery swapping stations (BSSs), this paper develops a BSS configuration and operation model with three charging strategies for Beijing. The model dynamically and holistically analyzes the configuration of chargers, swappers, and reserve batteries, as well as the different annual battery rental fees of BSSs to satisfy the battery swapping demand of users and enhance the profitability of BSSs. The simulation results show that the valley charging strategy can achieve the lowest peak-valley grid load difference (reducing the peak-valley load difference by 156.02 MW) and the greatest emission reductions (2,683,078.49 tons). However, higher investments in reserve batteries and chargers are required to enable service of all demands through valley charging. Based on the current technology, policy, and BSS plan, the BSSs cannot be profitable regardless of their charging strategies. The battery costs and the battery swapping price are the key factors that influence the life-cycle net income of BSSs. Business model innovation, such as charging taxi companies an annual battery rental fee (in the range of 10,300 to 12,160 yuan per battery), can help improve the financial feasibility of the BSSs.

Suggested Citation

  • Liang, Yanni & Cai, Hua & Zou, Guilin, 2021. "Configuration and system operation for battery swapping stations in Beijing," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:214:y:2021:i:c:s0360544220319903
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.118883
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220319903
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118883?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wenxia Liu & Shuya Niu & Huiting Xu & Xiaoying Li, 2016. "A New Method to Plan the Capacity and Location of Battery Swapping Station for Electric Vehicle Considering Demand Side Management," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(6), pages 1-17, June.
    2. Yang, Jun & Guo, Fang & Zhang, Min, 2017. "Optimal planning of swapping/charging station network with customer satisfaction," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 174-197.
    3. Ho-Yin Mak & Ying Rong & Zuo-Jun Max Shen, 2013. "Infrastructure Planning for Electric Vehicles with Battery Swapping," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 59(7), pages 1557-1575, July.
    4. Amiri, Saeed Salimi & Jadid, Shahram & Saboori, Hedayat, 2018. "Multi-objective optimum charging management of electric vehicles through battery swapping stations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PB), pages 549-562.
    5. Dias, Marcos Vinícius Xavier & Haddad, Jamil & Horta Nogueira, Luiz & Costa Bortoni, Edson da & Passos da Cruz, Ricardo Alexandre & Akira Yamachita, Roberto & Goncalves, Jose Luiz, 2014. "The impact on electricity demand and emissions due to the introduction of electric cars in the São Paulo Power System," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 298-304.
    6. Zhang, Xingping & Liang, Yanni & Yu, Enhai & Rao, Rao & Xie, Jian, 2017. "Review of electric vehicle policies in China: Content summary and effect analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 698-714.
    7. Xu, Min & Meng, Qiang & Liu, Kai, 2017. "Network user equilibrium problems for the mixed battery electric vehicles and gasoline vehicles subject to battery swapping stations and road grade constraints," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 138-166.
    8. Sun, Bo & Sun, Xu & Tsang, Danny H.K. & Whitt, Ward, 2019. "Optimal battery purchasing and charging strategy at electric vehicle battery swap stations," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 279(2), pages 524-539.
    9. Liu, Jian, 2012. "Electric vehicle charging infrastructure assignment and power grid impacts assessment in Beijing," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 544-557.
    10. Nurre, Sarah G. & Bent, Russell & Pan, Feng & Sharkey, Thomas C., 2014. "Managing operations of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) exchange stations for use with a smart grid," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 364-377.
    11. Yanni Liang & Xingping Zhang & Jian Xie & Wenfeng Liu, 2017. "An Optimal Operation Model and Ordered Charging/Discharging Strategy for Battery Swapping Stations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(5), pages 1-18, April.
    12. Sultana, U. & Khairuddin, Azhar B. & Sultana, Beenish & Rasheed, Nadia & Qazi, Sajid Hussain & Malik, Nimra Riaz, 2018. "Placement and sizing of multiple distributed generation and battery swapping stations using grasshopper optimizer algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PA), pages 408-421.
    13. Wenxiang Li & Ye Li & Haopeng Deng & Lei Bao, 2018. "Planning of Electric Public Transport System under Battery Swap Mode," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-17, July.
    14. Zhang, Xingping & Liang, Yanni & Liu, Wenfeng, 2017. "Pricing model for the charging of electric vehicles based on system dynamics in Beijing," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 218-234.
    15. Mahoor, Mohsen & Hosseini, Zohreh S. & Khodaei, Amin, 2019. "Least-cost operation of a battery swapping station with random customer requests," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 913-921.
    16. Xueliang Huang & Hao Qiang & Qidong Zhang & Haijuan Li, 2013. "Research on ISFLA-Based Optimal Control Strategy for the Coordinated Charging of EV Battery Swap Station," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, vol. 2013, pages 1-7, November.
    17. Yang, Shengjie & Yao, Jiangang & Kang, Tong & Zhu, Xiangqian, 2014. "Dynamic operation model of the battery swapping station for EV (electric vehicle) in electricity market," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 544-549.
    18. Hof, Julian & Schneider, Michael & Goeke, Dominik, 2017. "Solving the battery swap station location-routing problem with capacitated electric vehicles using an AVNS algorithm for vehicle-routing problems with intermediate stops," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 102-112.
    19. Adler, Jonathan D. & Mirchandani, Pitu B., 2014. "Online routing and battery reservations for electric vehicles with swappable batteries," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 285-302.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Zhan, Weipeng & Wang, Zhenpo & Zhang, Lei & Liu, Peng & Cui, Dingsong & Dorrell, David G., 2022. "A review of siting, sizing, optimal scheduling, and cost-benefit analysis for battery swapping stations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    2. Kılkış, Şiir, 2021. "Transition towards urban system integration and benchmarking of an urban area to accelerate mitigation towards net-zero targets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    3. Hu, Xu & Yang, Zhaojun & Sun, Jun & Zhang, Yali, 2023. "Optimal pricing strategy for electric vehicle battery swapping: Pay-per-swap or subscription?," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    4. Cui, Dingsong & Wang, Zhenpo & Liu, Peng & Wang, Shuo & Dorrell, David G. & Li, Xiaohui & Zhan, Weipeng, 2023. "Operation optimization approaches of electric vehicle battery swapping and charging station: A literature review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PE).
    5. Shen, Dongxu & Wu, Lifeng & Kang, Guoqing & Guan, Yong & Peng, Zhen, 2021. "A novel online method for predicting the remaining useful life of lithium-ion batteries considering random variable discharge current," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    6. Xuewen Geng & Fengbin An & Chengmin Wang & Xi He, 2023. "Battery Swapping Station Pricing Optimization Considering Market Clearing and Electric Vehicles’ Driving Demand," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-14, April.
    7. Kaifu Yuan & Chao Li & Guangqiang Wu, 2023. "Study on Vehicle Supply Chain Operation Mode Selection Based on Battery Leasing and Battery Swapping Services," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(14), pages 1-21, July.
    8. Vallera, A.M. & Nunes, P.M. & Brito, M.C., 2021. "Why we need battery swapping technology," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    9. Wang, Ziqi & Hou, Sizu, 2023. "A real-time strategy for vehicle-to-station recommendation in battery swapping mode," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    10. Guohao Li & Tao Wang, 2022. "Long-Term Leases vs. One-Off Purchases: Game Analysis on Battery Swapping Mode Considering Cascade Utilization and Power Structure," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-28, December.
    11. Horak, Daniel & Hainoun, Ali & Neugebauer, Georg & Stoeglehner, Gernot, 2022. "A review of spatio-temporal urban energy system modeling for urban decarbonization strategy formulation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    12. Zhang, Shuo & Li, Xinxin & Li, Yingzi & Zheng, Yidan & Liu, Jie, 2023. "A green-fitting dispatching model of station cluster for battery swapping under charging-discharging mode," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zhan, Weipeng & Wang, Zhenpo & Zhang, Lei & Liu, Peng & Cui, Dingsong & Dorrell, David G., 2022. "A review of siting, sizing, optimal scheduling, and cost-benefit analysis for battery swapping stations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    2. Shen, Zuo-Jun Max & Feng, Bo & Mao, Chao & Ran, Lun, 2019. "Optimization models for electric vehicle service operations: A literature review," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 462-477.
    3. Cui, Dingsong & Wang, Zhenpo & Liu, Peng & Wang, Shuo & Dorrell, David G. & Li, Xiaohui & Zhan, Weipeng, 2023. "Operation optimization approaches of electric vehicle battery swapping and charging station: A literature review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PE).
    4. Zhang, Mingze & Li, Weidong & Yu, Samson Shenglong & Wen, Kerui & Zhou, Chen & Shi, Peng, 2021. "A unified configurational optimization framework for battery swapping and charging stations considering electric vehicle uncertainty," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    5. Lingshu Zhong & Mingyang Pei, 2020. "Optimal Design for a Shared Swap Charging System Considering the Electric Vehicle Battery Charging Rate," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-16, March.
    6. Yu Feng & Xiaochun Lu, 2021. "Construction Planning and Operation of Battery Swapping Stations for Electric Vehicles: A Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-19, December.
    7. Hu, Xu & Yang, Zhaojun & Sun, Jun & Zhang, Yali, 2023. "Optimal pricing strategy for electric vehicle battery swapping: Pay-per-swap or subscription?," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    8. Yongzhong Wu & Siyi Zhuge & Guoxin Han & Wei Xie, 2022. "Economics of Battery Swapping for Electric Vehicles—Simulation-Based Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-18, February.
    9. Yang, Jie & Liu, Wei & Ma, Kai & Yue, Zhiyuan & Zhu, Anhu & Guo, Shiliang, 2023. "An optimal battery allocation model for battery swapping station of electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    10. Xiaoli Sun & Zhengguo Li & Xiaolin Wang & Chengjiang Li, 2019. "Technology Development of Electric Vehicles: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-29, December.
    11. Wang, Yang & Lai, Kexing & Chen, Fengyun & Li, Zhengming & Hu, Chunhua, 2019. "Shadow price based co-ordination methods of microgrids and battery swapping stations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    12. Lee, Chungmok & Han, Jinil, 2017. "Benders-and-Price approach for electric vehicle charging station location problem under probabilistic travel range," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 130-152.
    13. Quddus, Md Abdul & Shahvari, Omid & Marufuzzaman, Mohammad & Usher, John M. & Jaradat, Raed, 2018. "A collaborative energy sharing optimization model among electric vehicle charging stations, commercial buildings, and power grid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 841-857.
    14. Mahoor, Mohsen & Hosseini, Zohreh S. & Khodaei, Amin, 2019. "Least-cost operation of a battery swapping station with random customer requests," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 913-921.
    15. Masmoudi, Mohamed Amine & Hosny, Manar & Demir, Emrah & Genikomsakis, Konstantinos N. & Cheikhrouhou, Naoufel, 2018. "The dial-a-ride problem with electric vehicles and battery swapping stations," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 392-420.
    16. Quddus, Md Abdul & Kabli, Mohannad & Marufuzzaman, Mohammad, 2019. "Modeling electric vehicle charging station expansion with an integration of renewable energy and Vehicle-to-Grid sources," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 251-279.
    17. Huibing Cheng & Shanshui Zheng, 2022. "Incentive Compensation Mechanism for the Infrastructure Construction of Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Station under Asymmetric Information," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-18, June.
    18. Xiao, Yiyong & Zhang, Yue & Kaku, Ikou & Kang, Rui & Pan, Xing, 2021. "Electric vehicle routing problem: A systematic review and a new comprehensive model with nonlinear energy recharging and consumption," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    19. Xu, Min & Meng, Qiang & Liu, Kai & Yamamoto, Toshiyuki, 2017. "Joint charging mode and location choice model for battery electric vehicle users," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 68-86.
    20. Zhang, Shuo & Li, Xinxin & Li, Yingzi & Zheng, Yidan & Liu, Jie, 2023. "A green-fitting dispatching model of station cluster for battery swapping under charging-discharging mode," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:214:y:2021:i:c:s0360544220319903. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.