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Operationalizing affordability criterion in energy justice: Evidence from rural West Africa

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  • Gafa, Dede W.
  • Egbendewe, Aklesso Y.G.
  • Jodoin, Laurent

Abstract

Affordability of energy is at the heart of the concept of energy poverty but also an important criterion for energy justice globally. Yet, in developing countries where households predominantly rely on traditional energy sources, measuring the cost of energy goes beyond the price of the fuel and includes other non-monetary costs, such as the time spent and the distance travelled for fuel collection. This paper thereby proposes a redefinition as well as an operationalization of the affordability criterion within the energy justice framework. The outcomes are applied to data obtained in rural Benin, Senegal and Togo. The results suggest that, on average, the opportunity costs related to energy collection represent between 29 and 35% of household income in rural areas. Additionally, failing to account for the non-monetary costs of energy consumption in rural locations may lead to categorizing at least 17% of households as having access to affordable energy, when in fact these households spend substantial amount of time in fuel collection. The study also suggests that reducing income poverty and promoting better access to modern energy sources, through rural electrification programs, are critical to ensure energy affordability in rural West Africa.

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  • Gafa, Dede W. & Egbendewe, Aklesso Y.G. & Jodoin, Laurent, 2022. "Operationalizing affordability criterion in energy justice: Evidence from rural West Africa," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:109:y:2022:i:c:s0140988322001293
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105953
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    Cited by:

    1. Dong, Kangyin & Yang, Senmiao & Wang, Jianda & Dong, Xiucheng, 2023. "Revisiting energy justice: Is renewable energy technology innovation a tool for realizing a just energy system?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    2. Nepal, Rabindra & Best, Rohan & Taylor, Madeline, 2023. "Strategies for reducing ethnic inequality in energy outcomes: A Nepalese example," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    3. Egbendewe, Aklesso Y. G. & Yevesse, Dandonougbo, 2022. "Cooking fuels’ choice, women’s health and CO2 emissions in selected rural West African countries," 2022 Annual Meeting, July 31-August 2, Anaheim, California 322481, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Energy poverty; Energy justice; Opportunity costs; Traditional biomass;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • O12 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
    • Q40 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - General
    • O13 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Environment; Other Primary Products

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