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The Determinants of Entrepreneurship at the Country Level: A Panel Data Approach

Author

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  • Rodrigues Brás Gonçalo

    (Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, Avenida Dias da Silva, n º 165,3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal)

  • Soukiazis Elias

    (Ceber and Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, Avenida Dias da Silva, nº 165,3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal)

Abstract

The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of a variety of factors on the total entrepreneurial activity rate (TEA). A panel data approach of 26 developed countries was used to evaluate the simultaneous influence of the factors on TEA (2004–2011). Our findings show an inverse relationship between TEA and the initial capital effort; a direct relation between TEA, monetary freedom, investment freedom, financial market development and education; and a nonlinear concave relationship between TEA and the GDP per capita. The dynamic estimation approach shows a high speed of adjustment between the actual and desired rate of entrepreneurship. Overall, the main findings clarify which potential determinants have a real impact on entrepreneurial activity. Our contribution aims to help economic policymakers in developed countries to gain awareness of the main determinants of entrepreneurial activity at country level and thus to enable better decisions.

Suggested Citation

  • Rodrigues Brás Gonçalo & Soukiazis Elias, 2019. "The Determinants of Entrepreneurship at the Country Level: A Panel Data Approach," Entrepreneurship Research Journal, De Gruyter, vol. 9(4), pages 1-17, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:bpj:erjour:v:9:y:2019:i:4:p:17:n:1
    DOI: 10.1515/erj-2016-0060
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    3. Gonçalo Rodrigues Brás & Miguel Torres Preto, 2021. "The consequences of intrapreneurship in exporting firms: a structural-model approach," CeBER Working Papers 2021-06, Centre for Business and Economics Research (CeBER), University of Coimbra.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    total entrepreneurial activity (TEA); opportunity-driven entrepreneurship; necessity-driven entrepreneurship; determinants of entrepreneurship; panel data;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • L26 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Entrepreneurship
    • M13 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Administration - - - New Firms; Startups
    • C31 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models

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