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Do globalization progress and sectoral growth shifts affect income inequality? An exploratory analysis from India

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  • Deepak Kumar Behera
  • Viswanathan Pozhamkandath Karthiayani

Abstract

This paper examines the effects of globalization (i.e., economic, social, and political) and sectoral growth shifts (i.e., changes in relative shares of agriculture, industry, and services) on income inequality in India from 1976 to 2012. We have used two unique datasets: the Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID) and the KOF Globalization Index – Revisited, and employed the Stock and Watson Dynamic Ordinary Least Square cointegrating regression model for empirical estimation. This study finds that economic globalization reduces income inequality, while social and political globalization increases income inequality in India. Additionally, socioeconomic factors, such as per capita income, fiscal spending, and agricultural dependency are pertinent factors that reduce income inequality. On the contrary, factors such as rapid urbanization, changes in society, international interference in public policy, and rapid services sector growth that have been triggered by the social and political globalization processes show a detrimental effect on income inequality, which merits special attention in future development policies and actions. Additionally, the growth in agricultural value added helps reduce income inequalities in India, which is a desirable trend and justified on the grounds of continued rural dependence on the sector for income and employment. This underscores the need to strengthen the agricultural sector through strategies including crop diversification, value‐added processing, and investments for expansion of rural infrastructure, so that growth in the primary sector is sustained despite the decline in its relative contribution to gross domestic product (GDP). Este artículo examina los efectos de la globalización (económica, social y política) y los cambios en el crecimiento sectorial (es decir, los cambios en la participación relativa de la agricultura, la industria y los servicios) en la desigualdad de ingresos en la India desde 1976 hasta 2012. Se utilizaron dos conjuntos de datos únicos: la Base de Datos Mundial Estandarizada de Desigualdad de Ingresos (SWIID) y el Índice de Globalización Revisado del instituto KOF, y se empleó el modelo dinámico de regresión cointegrador de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios de Stock y Watson para la estimación empírica. Se encontró que la globalización económica reduce la desigualdad de ingresos, mientras que la globalización social y política aumenta la desigualdad de ingresos en la India. Además, los factores socioeconómicos, como la renta per cápita, el gasto fiscal y la dependencia agrícola son factores pertinentes que reducen la desigualdad de ingresos. Por el contrario, factores como la rápida urbanización, los cambios en la sociedad, la injerencia internacional en las políticas públicas y el rápido crecimiento del sector de los servicios que se han desencadenado por los procesos de globalización social y política muestran un efecto perjudicial sobre la desigualdad de ingresos, que merece especial atención en las futuras políticas y acciones de desarrollo. Además, el crecimiento del valor añadido agrícola contribuye a reducir las desigualdades de ingresos en la India, una tendencia deseable que se justifica por la continua dependencia rural del sector para obtener ingresos y empleo. Esto subraya la necesidad de fortalecer el sector agrícola mediante estrategias como la diversificación de cultivos, la transformación con valor añadido y las inversiones para la ampliación de la infraestructura rural, de modo que se mantenga el crecimiento del sector primario a pesar del declive de su contribución relativa al producto interior bruto (PIB). 本稿では、1976~2012年にインドにおけるグローバル化(経済的、社会的、政治的)と産業セクターの成長の変化(農業、工業、サービスの相対的シェアの変化)が所得不平等に与えた影響を検討する。我々は、2つのユニークなデータセット、すなわち標準化された世界所得不平等データベース(SWIID)とKOFスイス経済研究所のグローバル化指数(改訂版)を使用し、実証的推定のためにStockとWatsonの動的最小二乗共和分回帰モデルを採用する。結果から、インドにおいては、経済のグローバル化が所得不平等を縮小させる一方で、社会的・政治的なグローバル化が所得不平等を拡大させることがわかった。さらに、1人当たり所得、財政支出、農業依存度などの社会経済的因子は、所得不平等を縮小させる適切な因子であることも示された。逆に、社会的・政治的グローバル化の過程によって引き起こされた急速な都市化、社会の変化、公共政策への国際的な干渉、サービス部門の急速な成長などの因子は、所得不平等に悪影響を及ぼしており、これは将来の開発政策やその実施において特に注意するべきことである。さらに、農業付加価値の増大は、インドにおける所得不平等の縮小に寄与するが、これは望ましい傾向であり、所得と雇用に関して農村部が農業に依存し続けているという理由から正当化される。以上から、農作物の多様化、付加価値の高い加工業、農村部のインフラ拡大のための投資などの戦略による農業部門を強化する必要性が強調されるが、これは国内総生産に対する一次部門の相対的な寄与が低下してもなお一次部門の成長が持続するようにするためである

Suggested Citation

  • Deepak Kumar Behera & Viswanathan Pozhamkandath Karthiayani, 2022. "Do globalization progress and sectoral growth shifts affect income inequality? An exploratory analysis from India," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 14(2), pages 352-375, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:14:y:2022:i:2:p:352-375
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12499
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