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The Effect Of Fertiliser On Risk: A Heteroscedastic Production Function With Measurable Stochastic Inputs

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  • Mark W. Rosegrant
  • James A. Roumasset

Abstract

The sources of production risk are many and diverse in nature. Estimating risk as a black box, without explicit recognition of its sources, can lead to inferior estimates of optimal inputs under risk aversion. In this paper, a method is presented for estimating production functions with measurable stochastic inputs and for generating the parameters of the probability distributions of yield for various environments and input levels. Based on this method, it appears that moderate risk aversion can account for a 6.7 per cent to 16.7 per cent reduction in nitrogen use (relative to the risk-neutral solution) for selected rice producing areas of the Philippines. Estimating optimal inputs without environment specific information about the sources of risk leads to large errors. This underscores the value of collecting information about the sources of risk and of exercising caution when such information is not available.
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Suggested Citation

  • Mark W. Rosegrant & James A. Roumasset, 1985. "The Effect Of Fertiliser On Risk: A Heteroscedastic Production Function With Measurable Stochastic Inputs," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 29(2), pages 107-121, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:ajarec:v:29:y:1985:i:2:p:107-121
    DOI: j.1467-8489.1985.tb00651.x
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    1. William E. Griffiths & Jock R. Anderson & K.B. Hamal, 1987. "Subjective Distributions As Econometric Response Data," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 31(2), pages 127-141, August.
    2. Saumya Verma & Shreekant Gupta & Partha Sen, 2020. "Does climate change make foodgrain yields more unpredictable? Evidence from India," Working papers 305, Centre for Development Economics, Delhi School of Economics.
    3. Briones, Roehlano M., 2016. "Inadequate N Application of Rice Farmers in the Philippines: Problems, Causes, Solutions," Discussion Papers DP 2016-01, Philippine Institute for Development Studies.
    4. Hurley, Terrance M., "undated". "A review of agricultural production risk in the developing world," Working Papers 188476, HarvestChoice.
    5. Shukri, Ahmed, 2006. "Diversification across crops and land in small holder agriculture in Ethiopia: the case of shewa administrative region," Ethiopian Journal of Economics, Ethiopian Economics Association, vol. 12(01), pages 1-73.
    6. Roumasset, James, 2024. "Lexicographic Ordering and Loss Aversion among Low-Income Farmers," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 217(C), pages 483-492.
    7. Meyer-Aurich, Andreas & Gandorfer, Markus & Rajsic, Predrag, 2013. "Analyzing higher moments of nitrogen response for risk efficient fertilizer application in wheat and corn production," 2013 Annual Meeting, August 4-6, 2013, Washington, D.C. 150220, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    8. Abedullah & Mubaraik Ali, 2006. "Quantifying the Extent and Nature of Risk in Alternative Cropping Patterns in Claveria, Philippines," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 45(2), pages 261-280.
    9. Yesuf, Mahmud & Kassie, Menale & Köhlin, Gunnar, 2009. "Risk Implications of Farm Technology Adoption in the Ethiopian Highlands," RFF Working Paper Series dp-09-13-efd, Resources for the Future.
    10. Meyer-Aurich, Andreas & Karatay, Yusuf Nadi, 2019. "Effects of uncertainty and farmers' risk aversion on optimal N fertilizer supply in wheat production in Germany," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 130-139.
    11. Briones, Roehlano M., 2016. "Inadequate N Application of Rice Farmers in the Philippines: Problems, Causes, Solutions," Research Paper Series DP 2016-01, Philippine Institute for Development Studies.
    12. Mukasa, Adamon N., 2018. "Technology adoption and risk exposure among smallholder farmers: Panel data evidence from Tanzania and Uganda," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 299-309.
    13. Finger, Robert, 2012. "Nitrogen use and the effects of nitrogen taxation under consideration of production and price risks," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 13-20.
    14. Roumasset, James A., 2024. "The Microeconomics of Agricultural Development: Risk, Institutions, and Agricultural Policy," Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA), vol. 21(AJAD 20th), October.
    15. Abedullah & Sushil Pandey, 2007. "The Value of Rainfall Forecasts in the Rainfed Rice Areas of the Philippines," Lahore Journal of Economics, Department of Economics, The Lahore School of Economics, vol. 12(2), pages 69-81, Jul-Dec.
    16. Lehmann, Niklaus & Finger, Robert, "undated". "Optimizing whole-farm management considering price and climate risks," 123rd Seminar, February 23-24, 2012, Dublin, Ireland 122533, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    17. Mukasa Adamon N., 2016. "Working Paper 233 - Technology Adoption and Risk Exposure among Smallholder Farmers: Panel Data Evidence from Tanzania and Uganda," Working Paper Series 2328, African Development Bank.
    18. Gupta, Shreekant & Sen, Partha & Verma, Saumya, 2016. "Impact of Climate Change on Foodgrain Yields in India," CEI Working Paper Series 2015-9, Center for Economic Institutions, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
    19. Metcalfe, Todd & Bosch, Darrell J. & Pease, James W. & Alley, Mark M. & Phillips, Steve B., 2007. "Yield Reserve Program Costs in the Virginia Coastal Plain," Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 36(2), pages 197-212, October.
    20. Babcock, Bruce A., "undated". "The Equilibrium Effects Of Improved Climate Forecasting," 1987 Annual Meeting, August 2-5, East Lansing, Michigan 269929, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
    21. Herdt, Robert W., 1986. "Technological Potential for Increasing Crop Productivity in Developing Countries," 1986: Trade and Development Meeting, December 1986, CIMMYT, Mexico City, Mexico 50654, International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium.
    22. Finger, Robert, 2011. "Reductions of Agricultural Nitrogen Use Under Consideration of Production and Price Risks," 2011 International Congress, August 30-September 2, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland 114356, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    23. Abedullah, & Pandey, Sushil, 2004. "Risk and Fertilizer Use in the Rainfed Rice Ecosystem of Tarlac, Philippines," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 36(1), pages 241-250, April.
    24. Lichtenberg, Erik, 2002. "Agriculture and the environment," Handbook of Agricultural Economics, in: B. L. Gardner & G. C. Rausser (ed.), Handbook of Agricultural Economics, edition 1, volume 2, chapter 23, pages 1249-1313, Elsevier.

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