Comprehensive Assessment of Environmental, Economic, and Social Impacts in Rice Cultivation: A Life-Cycle Analysis

Since rice is the cereal that people eat most of all over the world, producing it is crucial for feeding everyone on the planet. Therefore, considering its importance in terms of nutrition and economics, evaluating the sustainability of this production method is essential. This comprehensive review investigates the life cycle environmental impacts, economic considerations, and social aspects associated with global rice cultivation. Spanning diverse regions, the study employs a comparative analysis using Global Warming Potential (GWP) as a benchmark, revealing variations in greenhouse gas emissions per metric tonne of rice. Malaysia and Italy, employing distinct cultivation techniques, exhibit similar results, highlighting the nuanced environmental impacts influenced by climate and soil conditions. Sensitivity analysis evaluation underscores its significance in understanding the impact of different assumptions on study outcomes, while life cycle costing is explored, revealing a tendency to overlook economic aspects in rice industry Life Cycle Analysis(LCA) investigations. Social Life Cycle Analysis(S-LCA) introduces socio-economic considerations, unveiling potential risks associated with child labor, forced labor, fair wages, and working conditions in the global rice industry. Key discoveries indicate India consistently exhibits the highest medium-high social risks, emphasizing the potential widespread impact of social issues in the global rice trade. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for additional research into the societal impacts of rice agriculture, serving as a valuable starting point for promoting sustainable and socially responsible practices in the global rice industry. Recommendations include employing diverse operational entities, aligning methodologies, addressing regional priorities, and conducting comprehensive LCAs by leading rice-producing countries.