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Spillover effects of trade openness on CO2 emissions in middle‐income countries: A spatial panel data approach

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  • Hanen Ragoubi
  • Zouheir Mighri

Abstract

This paper empirically investigates the spatial effects of trade openness on CO2 emissions in a panel of 54 middle‐income countries over the period 1996–2013. It adopts a static spatial panel data approach as well as a dynamic spatial panel data model with common factors to address the problems of spatial dependency and spillover effects and to explain the non‐stationary diffusion process of CO2 emissions across middle‐income countries. The empirical results indicate that: (i) there is a spatial dependence in CO2 emissions across the sample of middle‐income countries; (ii) Both global common factors and local spatial dependence are important drivers of the propagation patterns of CO2 emissions over the selected time‐period; (iii) trade openness, per capita real income, urbanization and energy intensity are the main determinants of CO2 emissions; (iv) the direct effect of trade openness on CO2 emissions is significantly positive; and (v) the indirect effect of trade openness on CO2 emissions is so significantly negative to overcome the positive direct effect, which implies a negative and significant total effect. This study provides robust policy implications for the sample of middle‐income countries to help them improve environmental quality. Este artículo investiga empíricamente los efectos espaciales de la apertura comercial sobre las emisiones de CO2 en un panel de 54 países de ingresos medianos durante el período 1996–2013. El estudio adoptó un enfoque de datos de panel espacial estático, así como un modelo de datos de panel espacial dinámico con factores comunes para abordar los problemas de la dependencia espacial y los efectos de spillover, y para explicar el proceso de difusión no estacionario de emisiones de CO2 en países de ingresos medianos. Los resultados empíricos indican que: i) existe una dependencia espacial de las emisiones de CO2 en toda la muestra de países de ingresos medianos; ii) Tanto los factores comunes globalmente como la dependencia espacial local son impulsores importantes de las pautas de propagación de las emisiones de CO2 en el período de tiempo seleccionado; iii) la apertura comercial, los ingresos reales per cápita, la urbanización y la intensidad energética son los principales determinantes de las emisiones de CO2; iv) el efecto directo de la apertura comercial en las emisiones de CO2 es significativamente positivo; y v) el efecto indirecto de la apertura comercial en las emisiones de CO2 es tan significativamente negativo que supera el efecto directo positivo, lo que implica un efecto total negativo y significativo. Este estudio proporciona implicaciones políticas robustas para la muestra de países de ingresos medianos para ayudarles a mejorar la calidad del medio ambiente. 本稿では、54の中所得国のパネルにおける、1996~2013年の、CO2排出量に対する貿易開放度の空間的効果の実証的検討を行う。共通因子を持つ動的空間パネルデータモデルと静的空間パネルデータアプローチを用いて、空間依存性と波及効果の問題に取り組み、中所得国全体のCO2排出の非定常な拡散過程を解明する。結果から以下のことが示された。1)中所得国のサンプル全体でCO2排出に空間依存性がある。2)全世界の共通因子と局所空間依存性の両方が、対象の期間にわたるCO2排出の伝播パターンを促進する重要な因子である。3)貿易開放度、一人当たりの実質所得、都市化、エネルギー集約度がCO2排出量の主要な決定要因である。4)貿易開放度がCO2排出量に及ぼす直接的な影響が著しくプラスである。5)貿易開放度がCO2排出量に及ぼす間接的な影響は、直接的なプラスの影響を克服するためには非常にマイナスとなるが、これは全部効果がマイナスかつ有意であることを意味する。本研究から、中所得国の一部が環境の質の改善を支援するための頑健な政策的含意が得られる。

Suggested Citation

  • Hanen Ragoubi & Zouheir Mighri, 2021. "Spillover effects of trade openness on CO2 emissions in middle‐income countries: A spatial panel data approach," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 13(3), pages 835-877, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:13:y:2021:i:3:p:835-877
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12360
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