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Trade openness, urbanization and CO emissions: Dynamic panel data analysis of middle-income countries

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  • Zhike Lv
  • Ting Xu

Abstract

Using the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) approach of Pesaran, Shin, and Smith [1999. “Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 94 (446): 621–634], this article attempts to empirically examine the heterogeneous effects of trade openness and urbanization on CO2 emissions in 55 middle-income countries over the period from 1992 to 2012. We find that trade openness has a benign effect on the environment in the short run, but a harmful effect in the long run. Meanwhile, our results show that urbanization has a negative and significant impact on CO2 emissions both in the short and long run, implying that urbanization improves environmental quality. The results are robust even after controlling for a number of factors such as economic or non-economic factors.

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  • Zhike Lv & Ting Xu, 2019. "Trade openness, urbanization and CO emissions: Dynamic panel data analysis of middle-income countries," The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(3), pages 317-330, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:jitecd:v:28:y:2019:i:3:p:317-330
    DOI: 10.1080/09638199.2018.1534878
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