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Developing Competition Law For Collusion By Autonomous Artificial Agents

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Calvano, Emilio & Calzolari, Giacomo & Denicolò, Vincenzo & Pastorello, Sergio, 2023. "Algorithmic collusion: Genuine or spurious?," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
  2. Jason D. Hartline & Sheng Long & Chenhao Zhang, 2024. "Regulation of Algorithmic Collusion," Papers 2401.15794, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2024.
  3. John Asker & Chaim Fershtman & Ariel Pakes, 2024. "The impact of artificial intelligence design on pricing," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 276-304, March.
  4. Zhang Xu & Wei Zhao, 2024. "On Mechanism Underlying Algorithmic Collusion," Papers 2409.01147, arXiv.org.
  5. Sukanya Kudva & Anil Aswani, 2025. "Collusion-proof Auction Design using Side Information," Papers 2511.12456, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2025.
  6. Dolgopolov, Arthur, 2024. "Reinforcement learning in a prisoner's dilemma," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 84-103.
  7. Florian Peiseler & Alexander Rasch & Shiva Shekhar, 2022. "Imperfect information, algorithmic price discrimination, and collusion," Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 124(2), pages 516-549, April.
  8. Normann, Hans-Theo & Sternberg, Martin, 2022. "Human-algorithm interaction: Algorithmic pricing in hybrid laboratory markets," DICE Discussion Papers 392, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE).
  9. Joseph E. Harrington, 2022. "The Effect of Outsourcing Pricing Algorithms on Market Competition," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(9), pages 6889-6906, September.
  10. Hanspach, Philip & Sapi, Geza & Wieting, Marcel, 2024. "Algorithms in the marketplace: An empirical analysis of automated pricing in e-commerce," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
  11. Fourberg, Niklas & Marques Magalhaes, Katrin & Wiewiorra, Lukas, 2023. "They Are Among Us: Pricing Behavior of Algorithms in the Field," 32nd European Regional ITS Conference, Madrid 2023: Realising the digital decade in the European Union – Easier said than done? 277958, International Telecommunications Society (ITS).
  12. Eshwar Ram Arunachaleswaran & Natalie Collina & Sampath Kannan & Aaron Roth & Juba Ziani, 2024. "Algorithmic Collusion Without Threats," Papers 2409.03956, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2024.
  13. Pai, Mallesh & Hansen, Karsten, 2020. "Algorithmic Collusion: Supra-competitive Prices via Independent Algorithms," CEPR Discussion Papers 14372, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  14. Hans-Theo Normann & Martin Sternberg, 2021. "Human-Algorithm Interaction: Algorithmic Pricing in Hybrid Laboratory Markets," Discussion Paper Series of the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Economics 2021_11, Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Economics, revised 13 Apr 2022.
  15. Zexin Ye, 2025. "Algorithmic Collusion under Observed Demand Shocks," Papers 2502.15084, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2025.
  16. Thomas Loots & Arnoud V. den Boer, 2023. "Data‐driven collusion and competition in a pricing duopoly with multinomial logit demand," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 32(4), pages 1169-1186, April.
  17. Michele Bisceglia & Jorge Padilla, 2023. "On sellers' cooperation in hybrid marketplaces," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(1), pages 207-222, January.
  18. Connor Douglas & Foster Provost & Arun Sundararajan, 2024. "Naive Algorithmic Collusion: When Do Bandit Learners Cooperate and When Do They Compete?," Papers 2411.16574, arXiv.org.
  19. Davide Proserpio & John R. Hauser & Xiao Liu & Tomomichi Amano & Alex Burnap & Tong Guo & Dokyun (DK) Lee & Randall Lewis & Kanishka Misra & Eric Schwarz & Artem Timoshenko & Lilei Xu & Hema Yoganaras, 2020. "Soul and machine (learning)," Marketing Letters, Springer, vol. 31(4), pages 393-404, December.
  20. Martin, Simon & Rasch, Alexander, 2022. "Collusion by algorithm: The role of unobserved actions," DICE Discussion Papers 382, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE).
  21. Fourberg, Niklas & Marques-Magalhaes, Katrin & Wiewiorra, Lukas, 2022. "They are among us: Pricing behavior of algorithms in the field," WIK Working Papers 6, WIK Wissenschaftliches Institut für Infrastruktur und Kommunikationsdienste GmbH, Bad Honnef.
  22. João E. Gata, 2019. "Controlling Algorithmic Collusion: short review of the literature, undecidability, and alternative approaches," Working Papers REM 2019/77, ISEG - Lisbon School of Economics and Management, REM, Universidade de Lisboa.
  23. Gonzalo Ballestero, 2021. "Collusion and Artificial Intelligence: A computational experiment with sequential pricing algorithms under stochastic costs," Young Researchers Working Papers 1, Universidad de San Andres, Departamento de Economia, revised Oct 2022.
  24. Marcel Wieting & Geza Sapi, 2021. "Algorithms in the Marketplace: An Empirical Analysis of Automated Pricing in E-Commerce," Working Papers 21-06, NET Institute.
  25. Timo Klein, 2021. "Autonomous algorithmic collusion: Q‐learning under sequential pricing," RAND Journal of Economics, RAND Corporation, vol. 52(3), pages 538-558, September.
  26. Epivent, Andréa & Lambin, Xavier, 2024. "On algorithmic collusion and reward–punishment schemes," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
  27. Aleksandar B. Todorov, 2022. "Algorithmic pricing and concerted behaviour – competitive challenges?," Economic Thought journal, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Economic Research Institute, issue 1, pages 90-107.
  28. Karsten T. Hansen & Kanishka Misra & Mallesh M. Pai, 2021. "Frontiers: Algorithmic Collusion: Supra-competitive Prices via," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 40(1), pages 1-12, January.
  29. Gonzalo Ballestero, 2021. "Collusion and Artificial Intelligence: A computational experiment with sequential pricing algorithms under stochastic costs," Asociación Argentina de Economía Política: Working Papers 4433, Asociación Argentina de Economía Política.
  30. Stefano Colombo & Aldo Pignataro, 2022. "Information accuracy and collusion," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(3), pages 638-656, August.
  31. Sara Fish & Yannai A. Gonczarowski & Ran I. Shorrer, 2024. "Algorithmic Collusion by Large Language Models," Papers 2404.00806, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2025.
  32. Leonardo Madio & Aldo Pignataro, 2022. "Collusion sustainability with a capacity constrained firm," "Marco Fanno" Working Papers 0295, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche "Marco Fanno".
  33. Gonzalo Ballestero, 2022. "Collusion and Artificial Intelligence: A Computational Experiment with Sequential Pricing Algorithms under Stochastic Costs," Working Papers 118, Red Nacional de Investigadores en Economía (RedNIE).
  34. Werner, Tobias, 2021. "Algorithmic and human collusion," DICE Discussion Papers 372, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE).
  35. Werner, Tobias, 2023. "Algorithmic and Human Collusion," VfS Annual Conference 2023 (Regensburg): Growth and the "sociale Frage" 277573, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
  36. Frédéric Marty, 2023. "Deciphering Algorithmic Collusion: Insights from Bandit Algorithms and Implications for Antitrust Enforcement," Working Papers halshs-04363106, HAL.
  37. Yiquan Gu & Leonardo Madio & Carlo Reggiani, 2019. "Exclusive Data, Price Manipulation and Market Leadership," CESifo Working Paper Series 7853, CESifo.
  38. Normann, Hans-Theo & Sternberg, Martin, 2023. "Human-algorithm interaction: Algorithmic pricing in hybrid laboratory markets," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
  39. Foros, Øystein & Kind, Hans Jarle & Nguyen-Ones, Mai, 2024. "The choice of pricing format: Firms may choose uniform pricing over personalized pricing to induce rivals to soften competition," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
  40. Axel Gautier & Ashwin Ittoo & Pieter Cleynenbreugel, 2020. "AI algorithms, price discrimination and collusion: a technological, economic and legal perspective," European Journal of Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 50(3), pages 405-435, December.
  41. Rupayan Pal & Sumit Shrivastav, 2024. "Privacy regulation, cognitive ability, and stability of collusion," Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai Working Papers 2024-004, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India.
  42. Nicolas Eschenbaum & Filip Mellgren & Philipp Zahn, 2022. "Robust Algorithmic Collusion," Papers 2201.00345, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2022.
  43. Lucila Porto, 2022. "Q-Learning algorithms in a Hotelling model," Asociación Argentina de Economía Política: Working Papers 4587, Asociación Argentina de Economía Política.
  44. Esmaeili Aliabadi, Danial & Chan, Katrina, 2022. "The emerging threat of artificial intelligence on competition in liberalized electricity markets: A deep Q-network approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
  45. NwaJesus Anthony Onyekuru & Robert Marchant & Julia M. Touza & Chukwuma Ume & Chinedu Chiemela & Chukwemeka Onyia & Eric C. Eboh & Christopher C. Eze, 2024. "A–Z of cost-effective adaptation strategies to the impact of climate change among crop farmers in West Africa," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(8), pages 20311-20332, August.
  46. Rohit Lamba & Sergey Zhuk, 2022. "Pricing with algorithms," Papers 2205.04661, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2022.
  47. Justin P. Johnson & Andrew Rhodes & Matthijs Wildenbeest, 2023. "Platform Design When Sellers Use Pricing Algorithms," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 91(5), pages 1841-1879, September.
  48. Christophe Samuel Hutchinson & Gulnara Fliurovna Ruchkina & Sergei Guerasimovich Pavlikov, 2021. "Tacit Collusion on Steroids: The Potential Risks for Competition Resulting from the Use of Algorithm Technology by Companies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-14, January.
  49. Leonardo Madio & Aldo Pignataro, 2022. "Collusion Sustainability with a Capacity Constrained Firm," CESifo Working Paper Series 10170, CESifo.
  50. Shidi Deng & Maximilian Schiffer & Martin Bichler, 2025. "Exploring Competitive and Collusive Behaviors in Algorithmic Pricing with Deep Reinforcement Learning," Papers 2503.11270, arXiv.org.
  51. Wolfram Barfuss & Janusz Meylahn, 2022. "Intrinsic fluctuations of reinforcement learning promote cooperation," Papers 2209.01013, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2023.
  52. Nunan, Daniel & Di Domenico, MariaLaura, 2022. "Value creation in an algorithmic world: Towards an ethics of dynamic pricing," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 451-460.
  53. Bernhard Kasberger & Simon Martin & Hans-Theo Normann & Tobias Werner, 2024. "Algorithmic Cooperation," CESifo Working Paper Series 11124, CESifo.
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