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Complementarity, free riding, and the military expenditures of NATO allies

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Christos Kollias & Suzanna-Maria Paleologou, 2003. "Domestic political and external security determinants of the demand for greek military expenditure," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(6), pages 437-445.
  2. Dan Kovenock & Brian Roberson, 2012. "Coalitional Colonel Blotto Games with Application to the Economics of Alliances," Journal of Public Economic Theory, Association for Public Economic Theory, vol. 14(4), pages 653-676, August.
  3. Bove Vincenzo & Elia Leandro & Pelliccia Marco, 2016. "Centrality in Trade Networks and Investment in Security," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 22(1), pages 27-39, January.
  4. Bruce Linster & Richard Fullerton & Michael Mckee & Stephen Slate, 2001. "Rent-seeking models of international competition: An experimental investigation," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(4), pages 285-302.
  5. Hansen, Laurna Jane, 1988. "Conventional versus strategic expenditures in NATO: a public goods approach," ISU General Staff Papers 1988010108000017600, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
  6. Justin George & Todd Sandler, 2021. "EU Demand for Defense, 1990–2019: A Strategic Spatial Approach," Games, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-18, February.
  7. Keith Hartley & Todd Sandler, 2001. "Economics of Alliances: The Lessons for Collective Action," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 39(3), pages 869-896, September.
  8. Claudia Perez-Formes & Alain Cuenca, 2001. "Nato in the post-cold war: An empirical analysis," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(5), pages 487-496.
  9. Hamlett, Cathy A., 1987. "Private provision of local rural roads," ISU General Staff Papers 198701010800009541, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
  10. Antonio Martínez González & Nuria Rueda López, 2013. "A Productivity And Efficiency Analysis Of The Security And Defence Technological And Industrial Base In Spain," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(2), pages 147-171, April.
  11. Douch Mohamed & Solomon Binyam, 2018. "Status or Security: The Case of the Middle East and North Africa Region," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 24(3), pages 1-12, September.
  12. Wukki Kim & Todd Sandler & Hirofumi Shimizu, 2024. "An expanded investigation of alliance security free riding," Global Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 15(4), pages 570-582, September.
  13. Karl Skogstad, 2016. "Defence budgets in the post-Cold War era: a spatial econometrics approach," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(3), pages 323-352, June.
  14. Glismann, Hans H. & Horn, Ernst-Jürgen & Schrader, Klaus, 1993. "Wohlfahrtseffekte von Rüstungs- und Raumfahrtausgaben: Das Beispiel der Vereinigten Staaten," Open Access Publications from Kiel Institute for the World Economy 783, Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
  15. Gediminas Dubauskas, 2021. "Conditions influencing the change of defense budgets - the case of Lithuania," Insights into Regional Development, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, vol. 3(2), pages 282-288, June.
  16. Ricardo Ferraz, 2025. "Portuguese Military Spending in the NATO Context: A Short Illustrative Paper," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-15, September.
  17. Ihori, Toshihiro, 1996. "International public goods and contribution productivity differentials," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(1), pages 139-154, July.
  18. Thomas Plümper & Eric Neumayer, 2015. "Free-riding in alliances: Testing an old theory with a new method," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 32(3), pages 247-268, July.
  19. Radulescu, Doina & Sulger, Philippe, 2022. "Interdependencies between countries in the provision of energy," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
  20. Caruso Raul & Di Domizio Marco, 2015. "The Impact of US Military Spending on Public Debt in Europe (1992–2013): A Note," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 21(4), pages 459-466, December.
  21. Pedro Gonzalez De La Fe & Daniel Montolio, 2001. "Has Spain been free-riding in nato? An econometric approach†," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(5), pages 465-485.
  22. Minoru Okamura, 2022. "Identifying the public goods allocation process: case of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 63(3), pages 1707-1726, September.
  23. Kotchen, Matthew J., 2005. "Impure public goods and the comparative statics of environmentally friendly consumption," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 49(2), pages 281-300, March.
  24. Doina Maria Radulescu & Philippe Sulger, 2021. "Interdependencies Between Countries in the Provision of Energy," CESifo Working Paper Series 8896, CESifo.
  25. Johannes Blum & Niklas Potrafke, 2019. "Internationale Abkommen und Regierungswechsel: Evidenz zum NATO-Zwei-Prozent-Ziel," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 72(03), pages 18-21, February.
  26. Anja Brumme & Wolfgang Buchholz & Dirk Rübbelke, 2023. "The purity of impure public goods," Journal of Public Economic Theory, Association for Public Economic Theory, vol. 25(3), pages 493-514, June.
  27. Vicary, Simon, 2000. "Donations to a public good in a large economy," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 44(3), pages 609-618, March.
  28. Gediminas Dubauskas, 2021. "Conditions influencing the change of defense budgets - the case of Lithuania," Post-Print hal-03583952, HAL.
  29. Corazzini, Luca & Cotton, Christopher S. & Longo, Enrico & Reggiani, Tommaso, 2024. "Coordinated selection of collective action: Wealthy-interest bias and inequality," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 238(C).
  30. Kyle, Margaret K. & Ridley, David B. & Zhang, Su, 2017. "Strategic interaction among governments in the provision of a global public good," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 185-199.
  31. Oliver Pamp & Florian Dendorfer & Paul W. Thurner, 2018. "Arm your friends and save on defense? The impact of arms exports on military expenditures," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 177(1), pages 165-187, October.
  32. Justin George & Todd Sandler, 2024. "A spatial analysis of NATO burden sharing at the operational levels," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 77(4), pages 1026-1047, November.
  33. Chang, Wen-ya & Tsai, Hsueh-fang & Lai, Ching-chong, 2006. "Effects of an anticipated expansion in international public goods on public capital accumulation," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 30(12), pages 2859-2874, December.
  34. Tammy Leonard, 2016. "Housing Upkeep and Public Good Provision in Residential Neighborhoods," Housing Policy Debate, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(6), pages 888-908, November.
  35. Nathan W. Chan, 2019. "Funding Global Environmental Public Goods Through Multilateral Financial Mechanisms," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 73(2), pages 515-531, June.
  36. Young-Wan Goo & Seong-Hoon Lee, 2014. "Military Alliances and Reality of Regional Integration: Japan, South Korea, the US vs. China, North Korea," Journal of Economic Integration, Center for Economic Integration, Sejong University, vol. 29, pages 329-342.
  37. William D. Nordhaus & John R. Oneal & Bruce Russett, 2009. "The Effects of the Security Environment on Military Expenditures: Pooled Analyses of 165 Countries, 1950-2000," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 1707, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University, revised Oct 2009.
  38. George, Justin & Sandler, Todd, 2018. "Demand for military spending in NATO, 1968–2015: A spatial panel approach," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 222-236.
  39. Bernhard Klingen, 2011. "A Public Choice Perspective on Defense and Alliance Policy," Chapters, in: Christopher J. Coyne & Rachel L. Mathers (ed.), The Handbook on the Political Economy of War, chapter 17, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  40. Ismael Sanz & Francisco Javier Velázquez, 2002. "Determinants of the Composition of Government Expenditure by Functions," European Economy Group Working Papers 13, European Economy Group.
  41. Founta Konstantina & Kollias Christos & Tzeremes Panayiotis, 2025. "“You don’t Pay Your Bills You Get No Protection”: A Trump Effect on NATO Members’ Military Expenditures?," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 31(2), pages 145-160.
  42. David Rietzke & Brian Roberson, 2013. "The robustness of ‘enemy-of-my-enemy-is-my-friend’ alliances," Social Choice and Welfare, Springer;The Society for Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 40(4), pages 937-956, April.
  43. Harrison, Mark, 2011. "Capitalism at War," CAGE Online Working Paper Series 60, Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE).
  44. James Boudreau & Shane Sanders, 2025. "Tullock contest alliances with proportional prize-sharing agreements: private collective action mechanisms?," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 202(3), pages 367-381, March.
  45. Raul Caruso & Marco Di Domizio, 2016. "Interdependence between US and European military spending: a panel cointegration analysis (1988-2013)," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(4), pages 302-305, March.
  46. Brumme, Anja, 2019. "Introducing a "green" good: Implications for environmental quality and social welfare," VfS Annual Conference 2019 (Leipzig): 30 Years after the Fall of the Berlin Wall - Democracy and Market Economy 203655, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
  47. Rosella Cappella Zielinski & Benjamin O Fordham & Kaija E Schilde, 2017. "What goes up, must come down? The asymmetric effects of economic growth and international threat on military spending," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 54(6), pages 791-805, November.
  48. Johannes Blum & Niklas Potrafke, 2020. "Does a Change of Government Influence Compliance with International Agreements? Empirical Evidence for the NATO Two Percent Target," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(7), pages 743-761, October.
  49. William Gates & Katsuaki Terasawa, 2003. "Reconsidering publicness in alliance defence expenditures: NATO expansion and burden sharing," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(5), pages 369-383.
  50. Justin George & Todd Sandler, 2022. "NATO defense demand, free riding, and the Russo-Ukrainian war in 2022," Economia e Politica Industriale: Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, Springer;Associazione Amici di Economia e Politica Industriale, vol. 49(4), pages 783-806, December.
  51. Olejnik, Łukasz Wiktor, 2024. "Left-wing butter vs. right-wing guns: Government ideology and disaggregated military expenditures," ZEW Discussion Papers 24-026, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  52. Weber, Shlomo & Weber, Yuval & Wiesmeth, Hans, 2019. "Hierarchy of Membership and Burden Sharing in a Military Alliance," CEPR Discussion Papers 13965, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
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