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The role of trade and FDI for CO2 emissions in Turkey: Nonlinear relationships

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  1. Soumen Rej & Barnali Nag & Md. Emran Hossain, 2022. "Can Renewable Energy and Export Help in Reducing Ecological Footprint of India? Empirical Evidence from Augmented ARDL Co-Integration and Dynamic ARDL Simulations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-21, November.
  2. Ruoxuan Xia & Zhuoming Long & Licong Xing & Yousaf Ali Khan, 2023. "Achieving sustainable development through economic growth, energy consumption, and agricultural productivity in China," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(5), pages 3428-3442, October.
  3. Zhao Liu & Lan-Ye Wei, 2022. "Effects of ODI and export trade structure on CO2 emissions in China: nonlinear relationships," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(12), pages 13630-13656, December.
  4. Alexandra-Anca Purcel, 2020. "New insights into the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in developing and transition economies: a literature survey," Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Springer;Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - SEEPS, vol. 22(4), pages 585-631, October.
  5. Eduardo Polloni-Silva & Diogo Ferraz & Flávia de Castro Camioto & Daisy Aparecida do Nascimento Rebelatto & Herick Fernando Moralles, 2021. "Environmental Kuznets Curve and the Pollution-Halo/Haven Hypotheses: An Investigation in Brazilian Municipalities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-19, April.
  6. Dagmar Skodova Parmová & Tulkin Teshabaev & Nargiza Kasimova & Raufhon Salahodjaev, 2024. "Mitigating CO2 Emissions: The Synergy of Foreign Direct Investment and Renewable Energy in Europe and Central Asia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(1), pages 620-627, January.
  7. Soumen Rej & Barnali Nag & Md. Emran Hossain, 2024. "Foreign Direct Investment, Income Inequality and Pollution Reduction: Policy Trilemma for India," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 174(1), pages 221-248, August.
  8. De Juan Fernández, Aránzazu & Poncela, Pilar & Rodríguez Caballero, Carlos Vladimir & Ruiz Ortega, Esther, 2022. "Economic activity and climate change," DES - Working Papers. Statistics and Econometrics. WS 35044, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Estadística.
  9. Lobna Abid & Sana Kacem & Haifa Saadaoui, 2024. "Addressing the Environmental Kuznets Curve in the West African Countries: Exploring the Roles of FDI, Corruption, and Renewable Energy," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(4), pages 20491-20515, December.
  10. Mohammad Mafizur Rahman & Khosrul Alam, 2022. "CO 2 Emissions in Asia–Pacific Region: Do Energy Use, Economic Growth, Financial Development, and International Trade Have Detrimental Effects?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-16, April.
  11. Xie Yao & Farah Durani & Qasim Raza Syed & Hooi Hooi Lean & Mosab I. Tabash, 2025. "Does tourism promote green growth? A panel data analysis," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 27(1), pages 2411-2422, January.
  12. Meltem Ucal & Simge Günay, 2022. "Household Happiness and Fuel Poverty: a Cross-Sectional Analysis on Turkey," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 17(1), pages 391-420, February.
  13. Ofori, Isaac K. & Gbolonyo, Emmanuel Y. & Ojong, Nathanael, 2023. "Foreign direct investment and inclusive green growth in Africa: Energy efficiency contingencies and thresholds," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
  14. Zhu Weimin & Muhammad Zubair Chishti & Abdul Rehman & Manzoor Ahmad, 2022. "A pathway toward future sustainability: Assessing the influence of innovation shocks on CO2 emissions in developing economies," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(4), pages 4786-4809, April.
  15. Mhadhbi, Mayssa & Gallali, Mohamed Imen & Goutte, Stephane & Guesmi, Khaled, 2021. "On the asymmetric relationship between stock market development, energy efficiency and environmental quality: A nonlinear analysis," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
  16. Wang, Yafei & Liao, Meng & Wang, Yafei & Xu, Lixiao & Malik, Arunima, 2021. "The impact of foreign direct investment on China's carbon emissions through energy intensity and emissions trading system," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
  17. Salih ÖZTÜRK & Selin SAYGIN, 2020. "The Relationship between Real Per Capita Income, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Carbon Emissions Under Structural Break in Turkey for the Period of 1974-2016," Sosyoekonomi Journal, Sosyoekonomi Society, issue 28(44).
  18. Fumei He & Ke-Chiun Chang & Min Li & Xueping Li & Fangjhy Li, 2020. "Bootstrap ARDL Test on the Relationship among Trade, FDI, and CO 2 Emissions: Based on the Experience of BRICS Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-23, February.
  19. Mohammad Mafizur Rahman & Xuan-Binh (Benjamin) Vu, 2021. "Are Energy Consumption, Population Density and Exports Causing Environmental Damage in China? Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Vector Error Correction Model Approaches," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-19, March.
  20. Manzoor Ahmad & Shoukat Iqbal Khattak, 2020. "Is Aggregate Domestic Consumption Spending (ADCS) Per Capita Determining CO2 Emissions in South Africa? A New Perspective," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 75(3), pages 529-552, March.
  21. Edmund Ntom Udemba, 2023. "Cushioning environmental damage with institutions and FDI: study of sustainable development goals (SDGs)," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(9), pages 10217-10237, September.
  22. Feng, Rui & Shen, Chen & Huang, Liangxiong & Tang, Xuan, 2022. "Does trade in services improve carbon efficiency? —Analysis based on international panel data," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
  23. Ma, Ning & Sun, WenLi & Li, Huajiao & Zhou, Xing & Sun, Yihua & Ren, Bo, 2023. "Industrial linkage of global carbon emissions: A heterogeneous ownership perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
  24. Marques, António Cardoso & Caetano, Rafaela Vital, 2022. "Do greater amounts of FDI cause higher pollution levels? Evidence from OECD countries," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 44(1), pages 147-162.
  25. Sun, Chuanwang & Khan, Anwar & Cai, Weiyi, 2024. "The response of energy aid and natural resources consumption in load capacity factor of the Asia Pacific emerging countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
  26. Xi Chen & Binyi Liu & Vincent Tawiah & Abdulrasheed Zakari, 2024. "Greening African economy: The role of Chinese investment and trade," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(1), pages 1001-1012, February.
  27. Pham Ngoc-Tham & Pham Trung-Kien & Cao Viet Hieu & Tran Ha Giang & Vo Xuan Vinh, 2020. "The Impact of International Trade on Environmental Quality: Implications for Law," Asian Journal of Law and Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 11(1), pages 1-12, April.
  28. Mary Donkor & Yusheng Kong & Emmanuel Kwaku Manu & Albert Henry Ntarmah & Florence Appiah-Twum, 2022. "Economic Growth and Environmental Quality: Analysis of Government Expenditure and the Causal Effect," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-23, August.
  29. Ilhan Ozturk & Buket Savranlar & Alper Aslan & Usama Al-mulali & Seyfettin Artan, 2023. "The Dynamic Simulation Analysis of the Impact of Urbanization and Globalization on Environmental Quality," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-13, July.
  30. Isaac K. Ofori & Emmanuel Y. Gbolonyo & Nathanael Ojong, 2022. "Foreign Direct Investment and Inclusive Green Growth in Africa: Energy Efficiency Contingencies and Thresholds," Working Papers 22/089, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS).
  31. Rahman, Mohammad Mafizur & Vu, Xuan-Binh, 2020. "The nexus between renewable energy, economic growth, trade, urbanisation and environmental quality: A comparative study for Australia and Canada," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 617-627.
  32. Nam, Hyun-Jung & Ryu, Doojin, 2024. "Impacts of trade and institutional quality on carbon emissions in transition economies," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 67(PB).
  33. Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo & Abraham Ayobamiji Awosusi & Husam Rjoub & Mirela Panait & Catalin Popescu, 2021. "Asymmetric Impact of International Trade on Consumption-Based Carbon Emissions in MINT Nations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-19, October.
  34. Aimin Zhang & Moses Nanyun Nankpan & Bo Zhou & Joseph Ato Forson & Edmund Nana Kwame Nkrumah & Samuel Evergreen Adjavon, 2024. "A COP28 Perspective: Does Chinese Investment and Fintech Help to Achieve the SDGs of African Economies?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-14, April.
  35. Wilman-Santiago Ochoa-Moreno & Byron Alejandro Quito & Carlos Andrés Moreno-Hurtado, 2021. "Foreign Direct Investment and Environmental Quality: Revisiting the EKC in Latin American Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-18, November.
  36. Xu, Deyi & Sheraz, Muhammad & Hassan, Arshad & Sinha, Avik & Ullah, Saif, 2022. "Financial development, renewable energy and CO2 emission in G7 countries: New evidence from non-linear and asymmetric analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
  37. Zhao, Congyu & Wang, Kun & Dong, Xiucheng & Dong, Kangyin, 2022. "Is smart transportation associated with reduced carbon emissions? The case of China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).
  38. Tri Wahyu Adi & Pawenary Pawenary & Eri Prabowo, 2023. "Nuclear Energy Generation, Fossil Fuel Price, Energy Mix Generation, Economic Growth, FDI Inflow and CO2 Emission: A Case Study on Developed and Developing Countries in the Asia Pacific Region," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(5), pages 144-156, September.
  39. Bingying Ma & Seiichi Ogata, 2024. "Impact of Urbanization on Carbon Dioxide Emissions—Evidence from 136 Countries and Regions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-18, September.
  40. Agbloyor, Elikplimi Kolma & Dwumfour, Richard Adjei & Pan, Lei & Yawson, Alfred, 2021. "Carbon emissions and banking stability: Global evidence," MPRA Paper 111092, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  41. Zeng, Shihong & Li, Tengfei & Wu, Shaomin & Gao, Weijun & Li, Gen, 2024. "Does green technology progress have a significant impact on carbon dioxide emissions?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
  42. Nighat Firdous & Kashif Raza Abbasi & Asma Salman & Cumhur Sahin & Amir Hamza, 2026. "Sustainable development in Pakistan: explore the influence of institutions, industrialization, and tourism on consumption and territory-based emissions," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 28(2), pages 3141-3174, February.
  43. Ajayi, Patricia & Ogunrinola, Adedeji, 2020. "Growth, Trade Openness and Environmental Degradation in Nigeria," MPRA Paper 100713, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  44. Sujan Chandra Paul & Md. Harun Or Rosid & Md. Jamil Sharif & Anjuman Ara Rajonee, 2021. "Foreign Direct Investment and CO2, CH4, N2O, Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Cross Country Study," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 11(4), pages 97-104.
  45. Zakari, Abdulrasheed & Khan, Irfan & Tawiah, Vincent & Alvarado, Rafael & Li, Guo, 2022. "The production and consumption of oil in Africa: The environmental implications," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
  46. Heru Cahyo & Sodik Dwi Purnomo & Sully Kemala Octisari & Mayla Surveyandini & Sri Sundari & Elly Kristiani Purwendah, 2023. "Environment, Population, and Economy on CO2 Emission in Indonesia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(6), pages 295-303, November.
  47. Abdullah Al Abrar Chowdhury & Azizul Hakim Rafi & Adita Sultana & Abdulla All Noman, 2024. "Enhancing Green Economy with Artificial Intelligence: Role of Energy Use and FDI in the United States," Papers 2501.14747, arXiv.org.
  48. Zhao, Jun & Jiang, Qingzhe & Dong, Xiucheng & Dong, Kangyin, 2021. "Assessing energy poverty and its effect on CO2 emissions: The case of China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
  49. Muhammad Yousaf Malik & Hassan Daud Butt, 2025. "Unequal Energy Footprints: Trade-Driven Asymmetries in Consumption-Based Carbon Emissions of the U.S. and China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-31, June.
  50. Khan, Muhammad Tufail & Imran, Muhammad, 2023. "Unveiling the Carbon Footprint of Europe and Central Asia: Insights into the Impact of Key Factors on CO2 Emissions," MPRA Paper 116484, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 22 Feb 2023.
  51. Tareq Almazyad & Alina Maydybura & Ali Gohar Chang & Khalil Ahmed Channa & Shin-Hung Pan & Haitham M. ALZOUBI & Bisharat Hussain Chang, 2024. "Carbon emissions and the rising effect of foreign direct investment and trade openness: Evidence from panel data countries," Advances in Decision Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan, vol. 28(4), pages 1-22, December.
  52. Sun Guoyan & Asadullah Khaskheli & Syed Ali Raza & Nida Shah, 2022. "Analyzing the association between the foreign direct investment and carbon emissions in MENA countries: a pathway to sustainable development," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(3), pages 4226-4243, March.
  53. Nemanja Lojanica & Danijela Pantović & Miloš Dimitrijević & Saša Obradović & Dumitru Nancu, 2025. "The Effects of Renewable Energy, Economic Growth, and Trade on CO 2 Emissions in the EU-15," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-27, August.
  54. Muntazir Hussain & Ramiz Ur Rehman & Usman Bashir, 2024. "Environmental pollution, innovation, and financial development: an empirical investigation in selected industrialized countries using the panel ARDL approach," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(11), pages 29217-29248, November.
  55. Emmanuel Yamoah Cobbold & Yaya Li & Emma Serwaa Obobisa, 2025. "Technology transfer and innovation through trade; assessing the role of low carbon technologies imports on domestic green innovation," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 50(4), pages 1785-1814, August.
  56. Haifa Saadaoui & Mesut Dogan & Emna Omri, 2024. "The impacts of hydroelectricity generation, financial development, geopolitical risk, income, and foreign direct investment on carbon emissions in Turkey," Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Springer;Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - SEEPS, vol. 26(2), pages 239-261, April.
  57. Ren, Xiaohang & An, Yaning & He, Feng & Goodell, John W., 2024. "Do FDI inflows bring both capital and CO2 emissions? Evidence from non-parametric modelling for the G7 countries," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
  58. Animesh Jajoo & Yadawananda Neog, 2025. "Terrorism, Policy Stringency, and Green Growth: A Study of BRICS," Economic Studies journal, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Economic Research Institute, issue 8, pages 132-146.
  59. Thanh Quang Phung & Ehsan Rasoulinezhad & Hang Luong Thi Thu, 2023. "How are FDI and green recovery related in Southeast Asian economies?," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 56(6), pages 3735-3755, December.
  60. Shaolong Zeng & Minglin Wang, 2023. "Theoretical and empirical analyses on the factors affecting carbon emissions: case of Zhejiang Province, China," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(3), pages 2522-2549, March.
  61. Soumen Rej & Arunava Bandyopadhyay & Ashar Awan & Kashif Raza Abbasi, 2026. "Analyzing the role of nuclear energy in the nexus of economic growth and environmental pollution in Belgium? evidence from wavelet coherence method," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 28(3), pages 6071-6102, March.
  62. Aamir Javed & Agnese Rapposelli & Festus Fatai Adedoyin & Zavish Arshad, 2025. "Examining the Role of Remittances, Technological Innovation, and Foreign Direct Investment on Environmental Quality in Pakistan: Fresh Evidence from a Novel Dynamic ARDL Simulation Approach," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 179(1), pages 123-151, August.
  63. Kamil Sertoglu & Lucy Davou Philip & F rat Emir, 2021. "Assessing the Role of Agriculture and Energy Use on Environmental Sustainability: Evidence from RALS Cointegration Technique," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(6), pages 50-59.
  64. Li, Guo & Zakari, Abdulrasheed & Tawiah, Vincent, 2020. "Energy resource melioration and CO2 emissions in China and Nigeria: Efficiency and trade perspectives," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
  65. Fuyu Zhang & Qiang Wang & Rongrong Li, 2025. "Industrial Robots and Urban Carbon Emissions: Exploring Mechanisms and Implications," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(4), pages 5351-5373, August.
  66. Rafaela Vital Caetano & António Cardoso Marques, 2024. "Nonlinear relationships between Foreign Direct Investment decisions and environmental degradation in high- and middle-income countries," Economia e Politica Industriale: Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, Springer;Associazione Amici di Economia e Politica Industriale, vol. 51(1), pages 135-188, March.
  67. Najma Amin & Saif Ur Rahman & Sukaina Khalid & Sadia Idress, 2024. "How Does Tourism, Trade Openness and Green Energy Influence CO2 emissions? Evidence from ASEAN Countries," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 13(2), pages 71-79.
  68. Nestor Shpak & Solomiya Ohinok & Ihor Kulyniak & Włodzimierz Sroka & Yuriy Fedun & Romualdas Ginevičius & Joanna Cygler, 2022. "CO 2 Emissions and Macroeconomic Indicators: Analysis of the Most Polluted Regions in the World," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-22, April.
  69. Ofori, Isaac K & Gbolonyo, Emmanuel Y. & Ojong, Nathanael, 2022. "Foreign Direct Investment and Inclusive Green Growth in Africa: Energy Efficiency Contingencies and Thresholds," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, pages 1-58.
  70. Zakari, Abdulrasheed & Li, Guo & Khan, Irfan & Jindal, Abhinav & Tawiah, Vincent & Alvarado, Rafael, 2022. "Are abundant energy resources and Chinese business a solution to environmental prosperity in Africa?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).
  71. Huizhu Tan & Nazmia Elahi & Aftab Hussain Tabasam & Hira Abdul Rawoof & Rabia Saghir & Muhammad Nadeem Khan, 2025. "Dynamic linkages between carbon emission, energy utilization, financial growth and economic growth: evidence from SAARC," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 27(8), pages 19727-19740, August.
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  73. Abdul Hayy Haziq Mohamad & Muhamad Rias K. V. Zainuddin & Rossazana Ab-Rahim, 2023. "Does Renewable Energy Transition in the USA and China Overcome Environmental Degradation?," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(6), pages 234-243, November.
  74. Isaac K. Ofori & Emmanuel Y. Gbolonyo & Nathanael Ojong, 2022. "Foreign Direct Investment and Inclusive Green Growth in Africa: Energy Efficiency Contingencies and Thresholds," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute. 22/089, African Governance and Development Institute..
  75. Iqra Hassan Mohamud & Ahmed Abdirashid Mohamud, 2023. "The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth on Environmental Degradation in Somalia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(5), pages 533-543, September.
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  89. Kejia Bi & Muhammad Mehedi Masud & Rulia Akhtar & Abu Hanifa Md Noman & Yan Zhao & Abdullah Al‐Mamun, 2025. "Decoding climate change dynamics in Malaysia: Analysing energy, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and oil prices interplay," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 49(2), pages 960-985, May.
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