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Eliminating supportive crowds reduces referee bias

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Cited by:

  1. Böttger, Tom & Vischer, Lars, 2025. "Home bias in different German football leagues," Discussion Papers of the Institute for Organisational Economics 5/2025, University of Münster, Institute for Organisational Economics.
  2. Carl Singleton & J. James Reade & Dominik Schreyer, 2023. "A decade of violence and empty stadiums in Egypt: when does emotion from the terraces affect behaviour on the pitch?," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 65(3), pages 1487-1507, September.
  3. Chowdhury, Subhasish M. & Jewell, Sarah & Singleton, Carl, 2024. "Can awareness reduce (and reverse) identity-driven bias in judgement? Evidence from international cricket," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
  4. van Ours, Jan C., 2024. "They didn’t know what they got till the crowd was gone," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
  5. Starke Stephan & Vischer Lars & Dilger Alexander, 2024. "Change in Home Bias Due to Ghost Games in the NFL," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 244(5-6), pages 585-604.
  6. Gábor Békés & Endre Borza & Márton Fleck, 2024. "Favoritism under multiple sources of social pressure," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 62(4), pages 1748-1769, October.
  7. Vischer, Lars, 2024. "Coach characteristics and their impact on substitution decisions," Discussion Papers of the Institute for Organisational Economics 6/2024, University of Münster, Institute for Organisational Economics, revised 2024.
  8. John Considine & John Eakins & Peter Horgan & Conor Weir, 2024. "Compensating Tendencies in Disciplinary Sanctions: The Case of Hurling," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 25(6), pages 659-682, August.
  9. David Winkelmann & Marius Ötting & Christian Deutscher & Tomasz Makarewicz, 2024. "Are Betting Markets Inefficient? Evidence From Simulations and Real Data," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 25(1), pages 54-97, January.
  10. Matthew J. McMahon & Sarah Marx Quintanar, 2024. "Separately measuring home‐field advantage for offenses and defenses: A panel‐data study of constituent channels within collegiate American football," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 90(4), pages 1060-1098, April.
  11. Sergio Destefanis & Francesco Addesa & Giambattista Rossi, 2022. "The impact of COVID-19 on home advantage: a conditional order-m analysis of football clubs’ efficiency in the top-5 European leagues," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(58), pages 6639-6655, December.
  12. Dmitry Dagaev & Sofia Paklina & J. James Reade & Carl Singleton, 2024. "The Iron Curtain and Referee Bias in International Football," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 25(1), pages 126-151, January.
  13. Mauro Caselli & Paolo Falco & Babak Somekh, 2024. "Inside the NBA Bubble: how Black players performed better without fans," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 37(2), pages 1-20, June.
  14. Brad R. Humphreys & Alexander Marsella & Levi Perez, 2022. "The effect of monitoring and crowds on crime and law enforcement: A natural experiment from European football," Working Papers 22-08, Department of Economics, West Virginia University.
  15. Justin Ehrlich & Joel Potter, 2023. "Estimating the effect of attendance on home advantage in the National Basketball Association," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(11), pages 1471-1482, June.
  16. Christopher Magee, 2025. "Crowds and Managerial Decisions in European Football Leagues," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 26(6), pages 744-765, August.
  17. Luca De Angelis & J. James Reade, 2022. "Home advantage and mispricing in indoor sports’ ghost games: the case of European basketball," Economics Discussion Papers em-dp2022-01, Department of Economics, University of Reading.
  18. Fabrizio Colella & Patricio S. Dalton & Giovanni Giusti, 2024. "Moral Support and Performance," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 70(7), pages 4614-4628, July.
  19. Morabito, Leo & Scoppa, Vincenzo, 2024. "Inequity Aversion in Subjective Evaluations: Evidence from Referees' Decisions in Soccer," IZA Discussion Papers 17512, IZA Network @ LISER.
  20. York, Richard, 2025. "Your Voice Counts - Estimating the Effect of Home Crowds on Australian Football League Match Outcomes," Warwick-Monash Economics Student Papers 91, Warwick Monash Economics Student Papers.
  21. Flintz, Joschka, 2025. "When fans travel: Determinants and effects of away support in football," Ruhr Economic Papers 1169, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.
  22. Fabio Richlan & J. Lukas Thürmer & Jeremias Braid & Patrick Kastner & Michael Christian Leitner, 2023. "Subjective experience, self-efficacy, and motivation of professional football referees during the COVID-19 pandemic," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-15, December.
  23. Stuart Baumann & Carl Singleton, 2025. "They were Robbed! Scoring by the Middlemost to Attenuate Biased Judging in Boxing," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 26(7), pages 771-782, October.
  24. Kai Fischer & Justus Haucap, 2022. "Home advantage in professional soccer and betting market efficiency: The role of spectator crowds," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 75(2), pages 294-316, May.
  25. Böttger, Tom & Vischer, Lars, 2026. "Home bias and referee bias in European football: The role of stoppage time allocation," Discussion Papers of the Institute for Organisational Economics 1/2026, University of Münster, Institute for Organisational Economics.
  26. Aldo Coelho Silva & Adriana Souza Amaral & Lucas Alves Facundo & Melissa Talita Wiprich & Leandro Rechenchosky & Wilson Rinaldi, 2022. "Two Years of COVID-19 Pandemic: How the Brazilian Serie A Championship Was Affected by Home Advantage, Performance and Disciplinary Aspects," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-11, August.
  27. Yung-Chin Chiu & Chen-Kang Chang, 2022. "Major League Baseball during the COVID-19 pandemic: does a lack of spectators affect home advantage?," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 9(1), pages 1-6, December.
  28. Jan C. van Ours, 2024. "They didn’t know what they got till the crowd was gone," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 24-014/V, Tinbergen Institute.
  29. Beiderbeck, Daniel & Frevel, Nicolas & von der Gracht, Heiko A. & Schmidt, Sascha L. & Schweitzer, Vera M., 2021. "The impact of COVID-19 on the European football ecosystem – A Delphi-based scenario analysis," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
  30. Carl Singleton & J. James Reade & Johan Rewilak & Dominik Schreyer, 2021. "How big is home advantage at the Olympic Games?," Economics Discussion Papers em-dp2021-13, Department of Economics, University of Reading.
  31. Alex Farnell, 2023. "False Start? An Analysis of NFL Penalties With and Without Crowds," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 24(6), pages 695-716, August.
  32. Camilo Abbate & Jeffrey Cross & Richard Uhrig, 2025. "Video assistant referee and home field advantage: Implications for referee bias," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 91(3), pages 1176-1196, January.
  33. Varela-Quintana, Carlos & Sánchez, Luis Carlos & del Corral, Julio, 2025. "The effect of social pressure when judging favorites and underdogs," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
  34. Kai Fischer & Justus Haucap, 2021. "Does Crowd Support Drive the Home Advantage in Professional Football? Evidence from German Ghost Games during the COVID-19 Pandemic," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 22(8), pages 982-1008, December.
  35. Federico Fioravanti & Fernando Delbianco & Fernando Tohmé, 2025. "Visitors Out! The Absence of Away Team Supporters as a Source of Home Advantage in Football," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 106(4), July.
  36. Callegaro, Giulio & Lackner, Mario & Sonnabend, Hendrik, 2025. "The Napoleon complex revisited: New evidence from professional soccer," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
  37. Spilker Finn & Ötting Marius, 2024. "No cheering in the background? Individual performance in professional darts during COVID-19," Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, De Gruyter, vol. 20(3), pages 219-234.
  38. David Butler & Robert Butler & Carl Singleton, 2026. "Objective Calls Under the Spotlight: Referee Consistency and Behaviour on Football's Biggest Stage," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 27(2), pages 171-213, February.
  39. Zilong Li & Xidong Guo & Zuzanna Studnicka & Jiming Zhu, 2024. "Diminished Home Advantage in Chinese Basketball during COVID-19: The Role of Team Strength and Local Temperature," Working Papers 202408, Geary Institute, University College Dublin.
  40. Carl Singleton & Alex Bryson & Peter Dolton & James Reade & Dominik Schreyer, 2022. "Economics lessons from sports during the COVID-19 pandemic," Chapters, in: Paul M. Pedersen (ed.), Research Handbook on Sport and COVID-19, chapter 2, pages 9-18, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  41. Thrane, Christer, 2025. "Nationalistic bias in experts’ player ratings in football," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
  42. Juan Luis Jiménez & Jorge Valido & Marcos Jiménez, 2025. "The Effects of Crowds on Professional European Basketball Teams," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 26(4), pages 377-396, May.
  43. Michael Christian Leitner & Frank Daumann & Florian Follert & Fabio Richlan, 2023. "The cauldron has cooled down: a systematic literature review on home advantage in football during the COVID-19 pandemic from a socio-economic and psychological perspective," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 73(2), pages 605-633, June.
  44. Luc Arrondel & Richard Duhautois & Baptiste Françon, 2024. "How (absent) fans influenced football during the COVID-19 pandemic?," Working Papers halshs-04777584, HAL.
  45. Caroline Amberger & Dominik Schreyer, 2024. "What do we know about no‐show behavior? A systematic, interdisciplinary literature review," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(1), pages 57-96, February.
  46. Finn Spilker & Christian Deutscher & Marius Ötting & Hendrik Sonnabend, 2025. "Favouritism, social pressure, and gender," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 77(3), pages 754-770.
  47. Luca De Angelis & J. James Reade, 2023. "Home advantage and mispricing in indoor sports’ ghost games: the case of European basketball," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 325(1), pages 391-418, June.
  48. Florez Mauro & Guindani Michele & Vannucci Marina, 2025. "Bayesian bivariate Conway–Maxwell–Poisson regression model for correlated count data in sports," Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, De Gruyter, vol. 21(1), pages 51-71.
  49. Dilger, Alexander & Vischer, Lars, 2023. "Effects of the rule change from three to five substitutions in the Bundesliga," Discussion Papers of the Institute for Organisational Economics 7/2023, University of Münster, Institute for Organisational Economics.
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