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Auswirkungen einer Zuckersteuer: Eine Literaturübersicht

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  • Begerow, Tatjana
  • Wild, Frank

Abstract

Gesundheitspolitisch wird debattiert, mit einer Zuckersteuer einerseits zusätzliche Einnahmen für die GKV zu generieren und andererseits über eine Lenkungswirkung auf das Konsumverhalten langfristig zu einer gesünderen Ernährung und geringeren Gesundheitsausgaben beizutragen. Die WIP-Analyse geht der Frage nach, wie realistisch die mit einer Zuckersteuer verbundenen Erwartungen vor dem Hintergrund internationaler Erfahrungen und der vorliegenden Studienlage einzuordnen sind. Es ist dabei auch festzuhalten, dass es sich in anderen Ländern typischerweise um die Besteuerung von zuckerhaltigen Getränken handelt, wir also eher von einer "Softdrinksteuer" sprechen müssten. Dass ein geringerer Zuckerkonsum einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Prävention chronischer Erkrankungen leisten kann, ist unstrittig. Ebenso konnte das WIP in einer früheren Studie bereits verdeutlichen, dass Deutschland im europäischen Ländervergleich einen hohen Pro-Kopf-Zuckerkonsum aufweist, der oberhalb der WHO-Empfehlungen liegt. Die Wirkungen einer Zuckersteuer hängen jedoch maßgeblich von ihrer konkreten Ausgestaltung ab; die empirische Studienlage ist insgesamt heterogen. Eine Beschränkung auf zuckerhaltige Getränke begrenzt zwangsläufig den Einfluss auf den gesamten Zuckerkonsum. Die Besteuerung aller zuckerhaltigen Lebensmittel würde jedoch zu erheblichen agrar- und handelspolitischen Effekten führen. Während Simulationsstudien für Deutschland teilweise erhebliche langfristige Gesundheitsgewinne und Kosteneinsparungen einer Zuckersteuer prognostizieren, zeichnen Beobachtungsstudien aus anderen Ländern bislang ein gemischtes Bild - insbesondere mit Blick auf erwachsene Bevölkerungsgruppen. Zu beachten sind zudem Fragen der Steuerinzidenz und zur Verteilung der Steuerlast. Eine Zuckersteuer ist zudem ordnungspolitisch zu hinterfragen und mit alternativen Maßnahmen abzuwägen. Ein paternalistischer Eingriff in die Konsumentensouveränität braucht einen Nachweis, dass der Verbraucherschutz mit anderen Maßnahmen nicht erreicht werden kann. Für die gesundheitspolitische Bewertung einer Zuckersteuer ist entscheidend, wie sich die langfristigen Effekte tatsächlich darstellen und ob fiskalische Eingriffe gegenüber alternativen Präventionsmaßnahmen einen zusätzlichen Nutzen entfalten. Insgesamt spricht vieles dafür, dass gesundheitliche Effekte nur im Zusammenspiel eines Bündels unterschiedlicher Präventionsmaßnahmen zu erwarten sind.

Suggested Citation

  • Begerow, Tatjana & Wild, Frank, 2026. "Auswirkungen einer Zuckersteuer: Eine Literaturübersicht," WIP-Analysen Januar 2026, WIP – Wissenschaftliches Institut der PKV.
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:wipana:336768
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