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Le financement des retraites aux États-Unis: Impact de la crise et tendances de long terme

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  • Vincent Touze

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

Abstract

Deux logiques concourent au financement des retraites américaines : un régime fédéral par répartition verse des pensions de base ; des fonds de retraite par capitalisation gérés par des employeurs publics ou privés complètent le système. La récession de 2009 a lourdement pesé sur les ressources du régime par répartition et ce dernier est en déficit primaire depuis 2010. Toutefois son financement n’a pas été mis en péril grâce aux revenus financiers d’un fonds de réserve qui compensent amplement le déficit primaire. La crise a réduit les ressources et rapproché la période où le régime commence à puiser dans le fonds de réserve. À long terme, ce dernier ne sera pas suffisant pour couvrir le déficit chronique. Des réformes seront donc nécessaires d’ici 2030. Avec la crise financière, les régimes par capitalisation ont souffert d’une forte dévalorisation de leurs actifs, ce qui peut poser un problème de survie pour certains fonds de pension. Pour ceux qui versent des pensions à prestation définie, le risque est porté par les employeurs qui doivent alors ajuster leurs contributions en fonction des performances boursières. Pour les pensions à cotisations définies, les aléas financiers sont intégralement supportés par les salariés. En cas de faillite, les fonds de pension à prestation définie du secteur privé bénéficient d’une garantie fédérale. Ce n’est pas le cas pour les fonds gérés par les États et les administrations locales. Pourtant, ces derniers semblent plus vulnérables car ils étaient déjà sous-capitalisés avant la crise et, de plus, leurs engagements auraient été largement sous-évalués. Des mesures correctives nationales ou locales semblent donc inévitables.

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  • Vincent Touze, 2011. "Le financement des retraites aux États-Unis: Impact de la crise et tendances de long terme," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/eu4vqp9ompq, Sciences Po.
  • Handle: RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/eu4vqp9ompqllr09hi4ch92c6
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Économie américaine; Système de retraite; Crise économique;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G23 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors
    • H55 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Social Security and Public Pensions
    • N12 - Economic History - - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations - - - U.S.; Canada: 1913-

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