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Out-of-Town Shopping and Its Induced CO2-Emissions

Author

Listed:
  • Carling, Kenneth

    (Dalarna university)

  • Håkansson, Johan

    (Dalarna university)

  • Jia, Tao

    (Wuhan University)

Abstract

Planning policies in several European countries have aimed at hindering the expansion of out-of-town shopping centers. One argument for this is concern for the increase in transport and a resulting increase in environmental externalities such as CO2-emissions. This concern is weakly founded in science as few studies have attempted to measure CO2-emissions of shopping trips as a function of the location of the shopping centers. In this paper we conduct a counter-factual analysis comparing downtown, edge-of-town and out-of-town shopping. In this comparison we use GPS to track 250 consumers over a time-span of two months in a Swedish region. The GPS-data enters the Oguchi’s formula to obtain shopping trip-specific CO2-emissions. We find that consumers’ out-of-town shopping would generate an excess of 60 per cent CO2-emissions whereas downtown and edge-of-town shopping centers are comparable.

Suggested Citation

  • Carling, Kenneth & Håkansson, Johan & Jia, Tao, 2013. "Out-of-Town Shopping and Its Induced CO2-Emissions," HUI Working Papers 87, HUI Research.
    • Handle: RePEc:hhs:huiwps:0087
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Borgers, Aloys & Vosters, Cindy, 2011. "Assessing preferences for mega shopping centres: A conjoint measurement approach," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 18(4), pages 322-332.
    2. Jia, Tao & Carling, Kenneth & Håkansson, Johan, 2013. "Trips and Their CO2-Emissions Induced by a Shopping Center," HUI Working Papers 88, HUI Research.
    3. Carling, Kenneth & Håkansson, Johan & Rudholm, Niklas, 2012. "Optimal retail location and CO2 emissions," HUI Working Papers 76, HUI Research.
    4. Moiseeva, Anastasia & Timmermans, Harry, 2010. "Imputing relevant information from multi-day GPS tracers for retail planning and management using data fusion and context-sensitive learning," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 17(3), pages 189-199.
    5. Stead, D., 1999. "Relationships between transport emissions and travel patterns in Britain," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 6(4), pages 247-258, October.
    6. Kenneth Carling & Mengjie Han & Johan Håkansson, 2012. "Does Euclidean distance work well when the p-median model is applied in rural areas?," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 201(1), pages 83-97, December.
    7. Carling, Kenneth & Håkansson, Johan, 2013. "A compelling argument for the gravity p-median model," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 226(3), pages 658-660.
    8. Lang, Åsa, 2012. "City Retailers’ Perceptions of Competition: A Choice Experiment," HUI Working Papers 58, HUI Research.
    9. Eveline van Leeuwen & Piet Rietveld, 2011. "Spatial Consumer Behaviour in Small and Medium-sized Towns," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(8), pages 1107-1119.
    10. Määttä-Juntunen, Heidi & Antikainen, Harri & Kotavaara, Ossi & Rusanen, Jarmo, 2011. "Using GIS tools to estimate CO2 emissions related to the accessibility of large retail stores in the Oulu region, Finland," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 346-354.
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    Cited by:

    1. Carling, Kenneth & Håkansson, Johan & Meng, Xiangli & Rudholm, Niklas, 2015. "The effects of taxing truck distance on CO2 emissions from transports in retailing," HUI Working Papers 111, HUI Research.
    2. Jia, Tao & Carling, Kenneth & Håkansson, Johan, 2013. "Trips and their CO2 emissions to and from a shopping center," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 135-145.
    3. Jing Li & Kevin Lo & Pingyu Zhang & Meng Guo, 2016. "Consumer Travel Behaviors and Transport Carbon Emissions: A Comparative Study of Commercial Centers in Shenyang, China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-13, September.
    4. Prieto, Marc & Caemmerer, Barbara & Baltas, George, 2015. "Using a hedonic price model to test prospect theory assertions: The asymmetrical and nonlinear effect of reliability on used car prices," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 206-212.
    5. Jing Li & Kevin Lo & Meng Guo, 2018. "Do Socio-Economic Characteristics Affect Travel Behavior? A Comparative Study of Low-Carbon and Non-Low-Carbon Shopping Travel in Shenyang City, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-11, June.
    6. Jing Li & Pingyu Zhang & Kevin Lo & Meng Guo & Mark Wang, 2015. "Reducing Carbon Emissions from Shopping Trips: Evidence from China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(9), pages 1-15, September.
    7. Xiaoyun Zhao & Kenneth Carling & Johan Håkansson, 2017. "Residential planning, driver mobility and CO emission: a microscopic look at Borlänge in Sweden," European Planning Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(9), pages 1597-1614, September.
    8. Carling, Kenneth & Han, Mengjie & Håkansson, Johan & Meng, Xiangli & Rudholm, Niklas, 2014. "Measuring CO2 Emissions Induced by Online and Brick-and-mortar Retailing," HUI Working Papers 106, HUI Research.
    9. Jia, Tao & Håkansson, Johan, 2016. "To what extent are CO2 emissions from intra-urban shopping trips by cars affected by drivers’ travel behaviour and store location?," HUI Working Papers 117, HUI Research.
    10. Carling, Kenneth & Håkansson, Johan & Meng, Xiangli & Rudholm, Niklas, 2017. "The effect on CO2 emissions of taxing truck distance in retail transports," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 47-54.
    11. Zhao, Pengxiang & Kwan, Mei-Po & Qin, Kun, 2017. "Uncovering the spatiotemporal patterns of CO2 emissions by taxis based on Individuals' daily travel," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 122-135.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    car-specific CO2-emissions; counter-factual; dense network; GPS tracking; regional shopping centers;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • L81 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Services - - - Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce
    • Q51 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Valuation of Environmental Effects
    • R11 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics - - - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes

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