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Le taux de chômage d'équilibre, anciennes et nouvelles approches

Author

Listed:
  • Henri Sterdyniak

    (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po)

  • Hervé Le Bihan
  • Philippine Cour

    (Centre de recherche de la Banque Centrale européenne - Banque Centrale Européenne)

  • Henri Delessy

    (CEPII - Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales - Centre d'analyse stratégique)

Abstract

Dans chaque pays, en raison des caractéristiques des négociations salariales et du fonctionnement du marché du travail, il existe un niveau de chômage d'équilibre, en deçà duquel apparaissent des hausses de salaires excessives, donc une hausse de l'inflation. Deux approches rivales ont été développées pour définir et évaluer le taux de chômage d'équilibre. Selon la courbe de Phillips, d'inspiration empirique et macroéconomique, le taux de chômage d'équilibre de long terme (le NAIRUj n'est influencé que par l'évolution tendancielle de la productivité du travail ; il est relativement stable ; la politique économique ne peut guère le faire diminuer. Le ralentissement de la productivité explique une part importante de la hausse des taux de chômage d'équilibre en Europe ; cependant, ceux-ci sont actuellement nettement inférieurs aux taux de chômage effectif. Selon les « nouvelles théories du chômage », d'inspiration microéconomique et théorique, le taux de chômage d'équilibre, obtenu par l'intersection des courbes WS et PS, dépend de toutes les variables qui jouent sur la formation des prix et des salaires (taux de cotisations sociales, termes de l'échange, taux d'intérêt, salaire minimum, poids des syndicats, taux des prestations chômage, etc.) ; il est donc influencé par la politique économique et varie au cours du temps ; le taux de chômage effectif reste toujours proche du taux de chômage d'équilibre. Toutefois, l'existence et les déterminants d'un salaire réel cible postulé par cette approche posent de délicats problèmes théoriques et empiriques. Au vu d'un survol des travaux empiriques existants et de nos propres estimations, la robustesse des « nouvelles approches » n'est pas établie. Le cadre d'analyse associé à la courbe de Phillips traditionnelle nous paraît conserver toute sa pertinence.

Suggested Citation

  • Henri Sterdyniak & Hervé Le Bihan & Philippine Cour & Henri Delessy, 1997. "Le taux de chômage d'équilibre, anciennes et nouvelles approches," Post-Print hal-03458301, HAL.
  • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03458301
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1997.1448
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://sciencespo.hal.science/hal-03458301
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    1. Equipe MIMOSA & Henri Delessy & Henri Sterdyniak & Bruno Coquet & Philippine Cour & Hervé Le Bihan & Frédéric Lerais & Frédéric Busson & John Baude & Bernard Châtelain & Murielle Fiole, 1996. "La nouvelle version de MIMOSA, modèle de l'économie mondiale," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 58(1), pages 103-155.
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    7. Henri Sterdyniak & Michèle Debonneuil, 1984. "La boucle prix-salaires dans l'inflation," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 35(2), pages 267-312.
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    1. Olivier Passet & Christine Rifflart & Henri Sterdyniak, 1997. "Ralentissement de la croissance potentielle et hausse du chômage," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 60(1), pages 109-146.
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    4. Heyer, Eric & Reynes, Frederic & Sterdyniak, Henri, 2007. "Structural and reduced approaches of the equilibrium rate of unemployment, a comparison between France and the United States," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 24(1), pages 42-65, January.
    5. Odile Chagny & Frédéric Reynès & Henri Sterdyniak, 2002. "The equilibrium rate of unemployment : a theoretical discussion and an empirical evaluation for six OECD countries," SciencePo Working papers Main hal-01027421, HAL.

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