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Le taux de chômage d'équilibre, discussion théorique et évaluation empirique

Author

Listed:
  • Odile Chagny

    (Centre Etudes & Prospective - Groupe ALPHA)

  • Frédéric Reynès

    (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po)

  • Henri Sterdyniak

    (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po)

Abstract

L'évaluation du taux de chômage d'équilibre fait l'objet de nombreuses controverses théoriques et empiriques. Elle oppose notamment les partisans de la Courbe de Phillips à ceux des modèles WS/PS. Dans cet article, nous examinons précisément les conséquences sur la détermination du taux de chômage d'équilibre de la spécification du modèle macroéconomique et en particulier de celle de l'équation de salaire. Une boucle prix-salaire asymétrique dont l'équation de salaire est une Courbe de Phillips et l'équation de prix est spécifiée en niveau permet de distinguer entre les concepts de taux de chômage d'équilibre de moyen et de long terme. Cette distinction peut être un moyen de réconcilier le modèle WS/PS et le modèle de Courbe de Phillips. Au niveau empirique, notre objectif est double. Le premier consiste à évaluer l'impact des caractéristiques institutionnelles sur le taux de chômage d'équilibre au moyen d'une boucle prix-salaire asymétrique pour six pays de l'OCDE (États-Unis, Allemagne, France, Royaume-Uni, Espagne, Pays-Bas) au cours des trente dernières années. Les résultats sont peu concluants, le Royaume-Uni étant le seul pays où les changements institutionnels auraient eu un effet significatif. Ils confirment les difficultés, rencontrées dans d'autres études empiriques, à mettre en évidence un lien direct entre les évolutions du chômage et celles des caractéristiques institutionnelles du marché du travail. Le second objectif est de calculer des taux de chômage d'équilibre de moyen et de long terme. Ceci n'a pas été possible pour le Royaume-Uni du fait de phénomènes d'hystérèse complète. Pour les autres pays, les évolutions du taux de chômage d'équilibre de moyen terme expliquent relativement bien celles du taux de chômage jusqu'à la fin des années 1980. Ainsi, le ralentissement des gains de productivité explique une part importante de la montée du chômage en Europe à partir du milieu des années 1970. La hausse du chômage dans les années 1970 est aussi due aux deux chocs pétroliers ainsi qu'à l'augmentation des taux de cotisations employeurs qui les ont suivis. Les politiques de désinflation engagées au début des années 1980 expliquent l'essentiel de la hausse du taux de chômage de cette période. Enfin, dans les années 1990, une part importante du chômage européen est imputable à un déficit de demande : le taux de chômage est nettement au-dessus de son niveau d'équilibre.

Suggested Citation

  • Odile Chagny & Frédéric Reynès & Henri Sterdyniak, 2002. "Le taux de chômage d'équilibre, discussion théorique et évaluation empirique," Post-Print hal-01030824, HAL.
  • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01030824
    DOI: 10.3917/reof.081.0205
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://sciencespo.hal.science/hal-01030824
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