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Die geografische Konzentration von Industrie und Dienstleistungen in Deutschland. Neue empirische Evidenz mittels des Ellison-Glaeser-Index

Author

Listed:
  • Bjoern Alecke

    (GEFRA - Gesellschaft fuer Finanz- und Regionalanalysen)

  • Gerhard Untiedt

    (GEFRA - Gesellschaft fuer Finanz- und Regionalanalysen)

Abstract

In diesem Beitrag wird die räumliche Konzentration der Wirtschaftszweige in Deutschland im Jahr 1998 untersucht. Unsere Untersuchung schließt im Unterschied zu allen bisherigen Analysen neben den Wirtschaftszweigen des Produzierenden Gewerbes sowohl Branchen des landwirtschaftlichen Bereichs als auch Dienstleistungssektoren ein, wobei die von Ellision und Glaeser (1997) entwickelten Konzentrationsmaße zur Anwendung kommen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nahezu sämtliche Wirtschaftszweige in Deutschland eine signifikant höhere geografische Konzentration aufweisen als man es bei einer rein zufälligen Standortwahl erwarten würde. Insgesamt ist das Ausmaß der regionalen Konzentration aber eher gering. Unabhängig von den verschiedenen regionalen und sektoralen Aggregationsebenen bleibt das Konzentrationsmuster stabil: Die an natürliche Standortvorteile gebundenen Wirtschaftszweige sind am stärksten agglomeriert, während handels- und versorgungsorientierte Dienstleistungen eine hohe räumliche Dispersion besitzen. Nicht die technologie- und F&E-intensiven, sondern die eher traditionellen Industriezweige weisen den höchsten Grad an geografischer Konzentration im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe auf. Zur Erklärung unterschiedlicher Ausmaße an Konzentration wird auf einen qualtitativen Dummy-Variablenansatz zurückgegriffen. Die Klassifizierung der Wirtschaftszweige aus dem Industrie- und Dienstleistungsbereich orientiert sich dabei an ihrem Einsatz von Technologie- und Wissen sowie von Humankapital in der Produktion bzw. bei der Erbringung der Dienstleistung. Auch hier zeigt sich, dass die an natürliche oder infrastrukturelle Standortgegebenheiten gebundenen Wirtschaftszweige die höchsten räumlichen Konzentrationen aufweisen. Die eher von einem hohen Arbeitseinsatz mit geringen Qualifikationserfordernissen geprägten Industriezweige weisen signifikant höhere Konzentrationsraten auf als sachkapital- und technologieintensive Industriezweige. Wirtschaftspolitisch ist in jüngster Zeit die Förderung von regionalen Wirtschaftsclustern in das Zentrum der deutschen Regionalpolitik gerückt. Sowohl Bund, Länder und Kommunen versuchen durch zahlreiche förderpolitische Maßnahmen die regionale Konzentration insbesondere von technologieorientierten Wirtschaftszweigen zu unterstützen. Vor dem Hintergrund der vorliegenden Befunde verliert die Förderung von „Clustern“, wonach räumlich eng begrenzte Wissensflüsse zwischen Unternehmen eines Wirtschaftszweiges sich zu einem sich selbst verstärkenden Prozess führen, der weiteres Einkommens- und Beschäftigungswachstum verspricht, viel von seiner Überzeugungskraft.

Suggested Citation

  • Bjoern Alecke & Gerhard Untiedt, 2006. "Die geografische Konzentration von Industrie und Dienstleistungen in Deutschland. Neue empirische Evidenz mittels des Ellison-Glaeser-Index," Working Papers 2-2006, GEFRA - Gesellschaft fuer Finanz- und Regionalanalysen.
  • Handle: RePEc:gef:wpaper:2-2006
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    Cited by:

    1. Farhauer, Oliver & Kröll, Alexandra, 2009. "Verfahren zur Messung räumlicher Konzentration und regionaler Spezialisierung in der Regionalökonomik," Passauer Diskussionspapiere, Volkswirtschaftliche Reihe V-58-09, University of Passau, Faculty of Business and Economics.
    2. Izabella Szakálné Kanó & Zsófia Vas, 2013. "Spatial Distribution of Knowledge-Intensive Industries in Hungary," Transition Studies Review, Springer;Central Eastern European University Network (CEEUN), vol. 19(4), pages 431-444, March.
    3. Hyun-Ju Koh & Nadine Riedel, 2009. "Assessing the Localization Pattern of German Manufacturing & Service Industries - A Distance Based Approach," Working Papers 0913, Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation.
    4. Strotebeck, Falk, 2010. "The Location Quotient – Assembly and application of methodological enhancements," MPRA Paper 47988, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Anne Otto & Michaela Fuchs & Wolfgang Dauth, 2011. "Long-term processes of regional concentration and dispersion - fuzzy evidence for Western Germany," ERSA conference papers ersa10p537, European Regional Science Association.
    6. Mirko Titze & Matthias Brachert & Alexander Kubis, 2011. "The Identification of Regional Industrial Clusters Using Qualitative Input-Output Analysis (QIOA)," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(1), pages 89-102.
    7. Rosenfeld, Martin T. W. & Alecke, Björn & Franz, Peter & Heimpold, Gerhard & Kilper, Heiderose & Kunkel, Kirsten & Untiedt, Gerhard & Zillmer, Sabine, 2007. "Interregionale Ausgleichspolitik in Deutschland: Untersuchungen zu den Effekten ausgewählter Systeme zur Herstellung von "gleichwertigen Lebensverhältnissen"," IWH-Sonderhefte 2/2007, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH).
    8. Hoffmann, J., 2010. "Identification of spatial agglomerations in the German food processing industry," 116th Seminar, October 27-30, 2010, Parma, Italy 95032, European Association of Agricultural Economists.

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