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Protección Laboral en un Mercado Dual: Lecciones de una Pandemia

Author

Listed:
  • J. Ignacio Conde-Ruiz
  • Jorge Fernández Orellana
  • Manu García
  • Daniel Pérez Gutiérrez

Abstract

Este artículo analiza la protección laboral recibida por los trabajadores jóvenes durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 en España. Utilizando datos administrativos de la Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales (MCVL), se estudia el grado de cobertura proporcionado por los mecanismos de mantenimiento del empleo (ERTEs) y otras prestaciones del sistema de protecci´on social. Los resultados muestran que los jóvenes sufrieron tanto las mayores p´erdidas de empleo como las menores tasas de cobertura: solo un 51 % de los menores de 20 años recibió algún tipo de protección, frente a más del 93 % entre los trabajadores de mayor edad. Esta diferencia no se explica por un trato desigual dentro de los instrumentos, sino por factores estructurales como la segmentación contractual y la concentraci´on sectorial del empleo juvenil. El análisis econométrico confirma que, en el caso de los ERTE, la menor cobertura de los jóvenes se debe a su posición más precaria en el mercado laboral, y desaparece una vez que se controla por tipo de contrato y antigüedad. En cambio, en el acceso a prestaciones, subsidios o pensiones, la desprotecci´on persiste incluso tras esos controles, lo que revela una forma de exclusi´on asociada al diseño institucional del sistema. En conjunto, los resultados ponen de relieve que, incluso cuando las políticas tienen un diseño formalmente universal, su impacto puede ser regresivo si el mercado laboral presenta una fuerte dualidad. En este sentido, la reforma laboral de 2021, al reducir la segmentación contractual, podría contribuir a mejorar la protección de los colectivos más vulnerables ante futuras crisis.

Suggested Citation

  • J. Ignacio Conde-Ruiz & Jorge Fernández Orellana & Manu García & Daniel Pérez Gutiérrez, 2025. "Protección Laboral en un Mercado Dual: Lecciones de una Pandemia," Studies on the Spanish Economy eee2025-18, FEDEA.
  • Handle: RePEc:fda:fdaeee:eee2025-18
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    References listed on IDEAS

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