IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/ehl/lserod/138070.html

Internal information quality and performance metric selection

Author

Listed:
  • Guay, Wayne
  • Kim, Chongho
  • Timmermans, Oscar

Abstract

We examine the role of firms’ internal information quality (IIQ) in designing executive incentive contracts. We find that higher IIQ is associated with a greater number of performance metrics and increased dissimilarity from peer firms’ contracts, particularly along non-financial dimensions. These relations hold when we examine changes in IIQ that are likely induced by plausibly exogenous shifts in two financial accounting standards. We further find that incorporating more numerous and more dissimilar non-financial metrics is positively associated with future profitability, but only when IIQ is high. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the quality of a firm’s internal information is a friction in performance metric selection.

Suggested Citation

  • Guay, Wayne & Kim, Chongho & Timmermans, Oscar, 2026. "Internal information quality and performance metric selection," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 138070, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  • Handle: RePEc:ehl:lserod:138070
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/138070/
    File Function: Open access version.
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chris E. Hogan & Michael S. Wilkins, 2008. "Evidence on the Audit Risk Model: Do Auditors Increase Audit Fees in the Presence of Internal Control Deficiencies?," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 25(1), pages 219-242, March.
    2. Brian D. Cadman & Tjomme O. Rusticus & Jayanthi Sunder, 2013. "Stock option grant vesting terms: economic and financial reporting determinants," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 18(4), pages 1159-1190, December.
    3. Christopher Armstrong & Jacky Chau & Christopher D. Ittner & Jason J. Xiao, 2025. "Earnings per share targets and CEO incentives," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 30(1), pages 156-201, March.
    4. Alberto Abadie & Susan Athey & Guido W Imbens & Jeffrey M Wooldridge, 2023. "When Should You Adjust Standard Errors for Clustering?," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 138(1), pages 1-35.
    5. Mummolo, Jonathan & Peterson, Erik, 2018. "Improving the Interpretation of Fixed Effects Regression Results," Political Science Research and Methods, Cambridge University Press, vol. 6(4), pages 829-835, October.
    6. Banker, Rd & Datar, Sm, 1989. "Sensitivity, Precision, And Linear Aggregation Of Signals For Performance Evaluation," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(1), pages 21-39.
    7. Simons, Robert, 1990. "The role of management control systems in creating competitive advantage: New perspectives," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 15(1-2), pages 127-143.
    8. Bloomfield, Matthew & Gipper, Brandon & Kepler, John D. & Tsui, David, 2021. "Cost shielding in executive bonus plans," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(2).
    9. Gerard Hoberg & Gordon Phillips, 2016. "Text-Based Network Industries and Endogenous Product Differentiation," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 124(5), pages 1423-1465.
    10. Shira Cohen & Igor Kadach & Gaizka Ormazabal & Stefan Reichelstein, 2023. "Executive Compensation Tied to ESG Performance: International Evidence," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 61(3), pages 805-853, June.
    11. Armstrong, Christopher S. & Guay, Wayne R. & Weber, Joseph P., 2010. "The role of information and financial reporting in corporate governance and debt contracting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 179-234, December.
    12. Guay, Wayne R. & Kepler, John D. & Tsui, David, 2019. "The role of executive cash bonuses in providing individual and team incentives," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(2), pages 441-471.
    13. Caroline Flammer & Bryan Hong & Dylan Minor, 2019. "Corporate governance and the rise of integrating corporate social responsibility criteria in executive compensation: Effectiveness and implications for firm outcomes," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(7), pages 1097-1122, July.
    14. Brian J. Hall & Jeffrey B. Liebman, 1998. "Are CEOs Really Paid Like Bureaucrats?," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 113(3), pages 653-691.
    15. James J. Cordeiro & Joseph Sarkis, 2008. "Does explicit contracting effectively link CEO compensation to environmental performance?," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 17(5), pages 304-317, July.
    16. Core, John & Guay, Wayne, 1999. "The use of equity grants to manage optimal equity incentive levels," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 28(2), pages 151-184, December.
    17. Nickolay Gantchev & Mariassunta Giannetti & Rachel Li, 2022. "Does Money Talk? Divestitures and Corporate Environmental and Social Policies [The “Wall Street Walk” and Shareholder Activism: Exit as a Form of Voice]," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 26(6), pages 1469-1508.
    18. Gavin Cassar & Brian Gibson, 2008. "Budgets, Internal Reports, and Manager Forecast Accuracy," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 25(3), pages 707-738, September.
    19. Todd Mitton, 2024. "Economic Significance in Corporate Finance," The Review of Corporate Finance Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 13(1), pages 38-79.
    20. Jun Li & Di (Andrew) Wu, 2020. "Do Corporate Social Responsibility Engagements Lead to Real Environmental, Social, and Governance Impact?," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 66(6), pages 2564-2588, June.
    21. Atanasov, Vladimir & Black, Bernard, 2016. "Shock-Based Causal Inference in Corporate Finance and Accounting Research," Critical Finance Review, now publishers, vol. 5(2), pages 207-304, December.
    22. Qiang Cheng & Young Jun Cho & Holly Yang, 2018. "Financial reporting changes and the internal information environment: Evidence from SFAS 142," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 23(1), pages 347-383, March.
    23. Bryan Hong & Zhichuan Li & Dylan Minor, 2016. "Corporate Governance and Executive Compensation for Corporate Social Responsibility," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 136(1), pages 199-213, June.
    24. Bushman, Robert M. & Smith, Abbie J., 2001. "Financial accounting information and corporate governance," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(1-3), pages 237-333, December.
    25. Gallemore, John & Labro, Eva, 2015. "The importance of the internal information environment for tax avoidance," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(1), pages 149-167.
    26. Shane Heitzman & Mengjie Huang, 2019. "Internal Information Quality and the Sensitivity of Investment to Market Prices and Accounting Profits†," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(3), pages 1699-1723, September.
    27. Bengt Holmstrom, 1979. "Moral Hazard and Observability," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 10(1), pages 74-91, Spring.
    28. Feng, Mei & Li, Chan & McVay, Sarah, 2009. "Internal control and management guidance," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(2-3), pages 190-209, December.
    29. Blankespoor, Elizabeth & deHaan, Ed & Marinovic, Iván, 2020. "Disclosure processing costs, investors’ information choice, and equity market outcomes: A review," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(2).
    30. Fama, Eugene F. & French, Kenneth R., 1997. "Industry costs of equity," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(2), pages 153-193, February.
    31. Linck, James S. & Netter, Jeffry M. & Yang, Tina, 2008. "The determinants of board structure," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(2), pages 308-328, February.
    32. Matthias Breuer & Ed Dehaan, 2024. "Using and Interpreting Fixed Effects Models," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 62(4), pages 1183-1226, September.
    33. Carhart, Mark M, 1997. "On Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 52(1), pages 57-82, March.
    34. Timmermans, Oscar, 2024. "Cash versus share payouts in relative performance plans," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 123696, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    35. Chenhall, Robert H., 2003. "Management control systems design within its organizational context: findings from contingency-based research and directions for the future," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 28(2-3), pages 127-168.
    36. Jensen, Michael C & Murphy, Kevin J, 1990. "Performance Pay and Top-Management Incentives," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 98(2), pages 225-264, April.
    37. John Core & Wayne Guay, 2002. "Estimating the Value of Employee Stock Option Portfolios and Their Sensitivities to Price and Volatility," Journal of Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(3), pages 613-630, June.
    38. Nemit Shroff, 2017. "Corporate investment and changes in GAAP," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 22(1), pages 1-63, March.
    39. Carlos‐Alberto Dorantes & Chan Li & Gary F. Peters & Vernon J. Richardson, 2013. "The Effect of Enterprise Systems Implementation on the Firm Information Environment," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(4), pages 1427-1461, December.
    40. Coles, Jeffrey L. & Daniel, Naveen D. & Naveen, Lalitha, 2006. "Managerial incentives and risk-taking," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 79(2), pages 431-468, February.
    41. Gerard Hoberg & Gordon Phillips, 2010. "Product Market Synergies and Competition in Mergers and Acquisitions: A Text-Based Analysis," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 23(10), pages 3773-3811, October.
    42. Bloomfield, Matthew J., 2021. "Compensation disclosures and strategic commitment: Evidence from revenue-based pay," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 141(2), pages 620-643.
    43. Christopher S. Armstrong & John D. Kepler & Chongho Kim & David Tsui, 2025. "Creditor control rights and executive bonus plans," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 30(3), pages 2724-2767, September.
    44. Cabezon, Felipe, 2025. "Executive compensation: The trend toward one-size-fits-all," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 79(1).
    45. Bettis, J. Carr & Bizjak, John & Coles, Jeffrey L. & Kalpathy, Swaminathan, 2018. "Performance-vesting provisions in executive compensation," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(1), pages 194-221.
    46. Field, Laura & Lowry, Michelle & Mkrtchyan, Anahit, 2013. "Are busy boards detrimental?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(1), pages 63-82.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Keusch, Thomas & Timmermans, Oscar, 2026. "Can financial metrics provide incentives for environmental performance improvement?," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 139003, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    2. Melissa Martin & Oscar Timmermans, 2026. "Disclosure Costs of Relative Performance Evaluation," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 72(6), pages 5000-5026, June.
    3. Bushman, Robert, 2021. "Cash-based bonus plans as a strategic communication, coordination and commitment mechanism," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(2).
    4. Timmermans, Oscar, 2024. "Cash versus share payouts in relative performance plans," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 123696, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    5. Arif, Salman & Donovan, John & Gopalan, Yadav & Morris, Arthur, 2024. "Pay for prudence," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 77(1).
    6. Albuquerque, Ana & Carter, Mary Ellen & Guo, Zhe (Michael) & Lynch, Luann J., 2025. "Complexity of CEO compensation packages," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 79(1).
    7. Christopher S. Armstrong & John D. Kepler & Chongho Kim & David Tsui, 2025. "Creditor control rights and executive bonus plans," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 30(3), pages 2724-2767, September.
    8. Guay, Wayne R. & Kepler, John D. & Tsui, David, 2019. "The role of executive cash bonuses in providing individual and team incentives," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(2), pages 441-471.
    9. Jeremy Bertomeu & Edwige Cheynel & Michelle Liu‐Watts, 2018. "Are the Fama French factors treated as risk? Evidence from CEO compensation," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 24(5), pages 728-774, November.
    10. Armstrong, Christopher S. & Guay, Wayne R. & Weber, Joseph P., 2010. "The role of information and financial reporting in corporate governance and debt contracting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 179-234, December.
    11. Huang, Minjie & Kubick, Thomas R. & Tseng, Kevin, 2021. "Technology spillovers and the duration of executive compensation," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    12. Ke Na & Ivy Xiying Zhang & Yong Zhang, 2024. "Is conservatism demanded by performance measurement in compensation contracts? Evidence from earnings measures used in bonus formulas," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 29(1), pages 809-851, March.
    13. Al Dah, Bilal & Dah, Mustafa A. & Stathopoulos, Konstantinos, 2026. "Rookie directors and board efficacy," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
    14. Bloomfield, Matthew & Gipper, Brandon & Kepler, John D. & Tsui, David, 2021. "Cost shielding in executive bonus plans," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(2).
    15. Kelly Huang & Brent Lao & Gregory McPhee, 2020. "Internal information quality and patent‐related innovation," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(3-4), pages 489-518, March.
    16. Wu, YiLin & Ieong, Richard Lok-Si & Thomas, Shawn, 2025. "Exposures to common shocks along supply chains and relative performance evaluation in CEO compensation contracts," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    17. Krolikowski, Marcin W., 2016. "Incentive pay and acquirer returns – The impact of Sarbanes–Oxley," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 99-111.
    18. Nanda, Vikram & Onal, Bunyamin, 2016. "Incentive contracting when boards have related industry expertise," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 1-22.
    19. Frances M. Tice, 2024. "The Role of Common Risk in the Effectiveness of Explicit Relative Performance Evaluation," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 70(3), pages 1635-1655, March.
    20. Abdoh, Hussein, 2023. "Rivals risk-taking incentives and firm corporate policy," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 106-123.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • D82 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design
    • J33 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods
    • M12 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Administration - - - Personnel Management; Executives; Executive Compensation
    • M41 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Accounting - - - Accounting

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ehl:lserod:138070. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: LSERO Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/lsepsuk.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.