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Not Efficient, Not Optimal: The Biases That Built Global Trade and the Data Tools That Could Fix It

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  • Thierry Warin

Abstract

In the aftermath of renewed trade tensions and geopolitical realignments—exemplified by the 2025 trade war under President Trump 2.0—the dominant policy discourse posits that globalization went “too far,” sacrificing resilience and national security at the altar of cost efficiency. This paper challenges that narrative by unpacking the implicit assumptions that undergird it, notably the belief that global trade and value chains were ever efficient in the first place. Drawing on international business literature, economic geography, and trade theory, we argue that global supply chains, far from representing optimal configurations, were largely shaped by bounded rationality, cognitive biases, and incomplete information—what we term the streetlight post bias. Contrary to the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model’s idealized vision, firm-level decisions rarely reflect first-best equilibria; instead, trade patterns have followed the more constrained logic of the gravity model and regional familiarity. The paper contends that neither globalization nor its retrenchment (via reshoring, nearshoring, or friend-shoring) guarantees a move toward a more resilient or efficient trade architecture. Instead, both may reflect alternative second-best equilibria. We propose a forward-looking framework in which big data analytics and machine learning—grounded in an economic geography perspective— can help firms and policymakers identify robust, diversified, and efficient global value chain configurations. By addressing information asymmetries and reducing decision-making bias, such tools offer a path toward a closer approximation of the first-best equilibrium. We conclude with implications for trade policy, calling for evidence-based interventions that move beyond reactive deglobalization toward intelligent, data-driven integration. À la suite du regain des tensions commerciales et des réajustements géopolitiques — illustrés par la guerre commerciale de 2025 sous la présidence de Trump 2.0 — le discours dominant en matière de politique commerciale soutient que la mondialisation est allée « trop loin », sacrifiant la résilience et la sécurité nationale sur l’autel de l’efficacité économique. Cet article remet en question ce récit en déconstruisant les hypothèses implicites qui le sous-tendent, notamment la croyance selon laquelle le commerce mondial et les chaînes de valeur sont efficients. En mobilisant les littératures en affaires internationales, géographie économique et théorie du commerce international, nous soutenons que les chaînes d’approvisionnement mondiales, loin d’incarner des configurations optimales, ont été largement façonnées par la rationalité limitée, les biais cognitifs et l’information incomplète — ce que nous appelons le biais du réverbère. Contrairement à la vision idéalisée du modèle d’Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson, les décisions prises au niveau des entreprises reflètent rarement un équilibre de premier rang ; au contraire, les flux commerciaux suivent plutôt la logique contrainte du modèle gravitaire et d’une familiarité régionale. L’article soutient que ni la mondialisation ni sa remise en cause (via la relocalisation, la régionalisation ou le « friend-shoring ») ne garantissent une architecture commerciale plus résiliente ou plus efficiente. Ces dynamiques pourraient au contraire représenter des équilibres alternatifs de second rang. Nous proposons un cadre prospectif dans lequel l’analyse des mégadonnées (big data) et l’apprentissage automatique (machine learning) — ancrés dans une perspective de géographie économique — peuvent aider les entreprises et les décideurs à concevoir des chaînes de valeur mondiales à la fois robustes, diversifiées et efficientes. En réduisant les asymétries d'information et les biais décisionnels, ces outils ouvrent la voie à une approximation plus précise de l’équilibre de premier rang. Nous concluons par des implications en matière de politique commerciale, plaidant pour des interventions fondées sur les données probantes, allant au-delà d’une démondialisation réactive vers une intégration intelligente et pilotée par les données.

Suggested Citation

  • Thierry Warin, 2025. "Not Efficient, Not Optimal: The Biases That Built Global Trade and the Data Tools That Could Fix It," CIRANO Working Papers 2025s-17, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirwor:2025s-17
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    File URL: https://cirano.qc.ca/files/publications/2025s-17.pdf
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    2. Bublu Thakur-Weigold & Sébastien Miroudot, 2024. "Supply chain myths in the resilience and deglobalization narrative: consequences for policy," Journal of International Business Policy, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 7(1), pages 99-111, March.
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