IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/cdl/itsrrp/qt98z4b5rr.html

Do Incentives Make a Difference? Understanding Smart Charging Program Adoption for Electric Vehicles

Author

Listed:
  • Wong, Stephen D. PhD
  • Shaheen, Susan A. PhD
  • Martin, Elliot PhD
  • Uyeki, Robert

Abstract

Climate change and environmental problems have spurred new strategies to reduce fossil fuel consumption in transportation. Two important strategies include a rapid transition to green energy and the replacement of internal combustion vehicles with electric vehicles (EVs). However, the increasing demand for electricity by EVs, especially from time-dependent green sources of energy (e.g., solar, wind), will likely overload the grid at peak hours. Rather than build costly infrastructure improvements for distribution and generation, smart charging programs for EVs could defer charging to off-peak times and better match demand with supply. Yet, little is currently known about people’s willingness to participate in a program and relinquish control of charging to a third party.

Suggested Citation

  • Wong, Stephen D. PhD & Shaheen, Susan A. PhD & Martin, Elliot PhD & Uyeki, Robert, 2023. "Do Incentives Make a Difference? Understanding Smart Charging Program Adoption for Electric Vehicles," Institute of Transportation Studies, Research Reports, Working Papers, Proceedings qt98z4b5rr, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Berkeley.
    • Handle: RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt98z4b5rr
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/98z4b5rr.pdf;origin=repeccitec
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kiviluoma, Juha & Meibom, Peter, 2011. "Methodology for modelling plug-in electric vehicles in the power system and cost estimates for a system with either smart or dumb electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 1758-1767.
    2. García-Villalobos, J. & Zamora, I. & San Martín, J.I. & Asensio, F.J. & Aperribay, V., 2014. "Plug-in electric vehicles in electric distribution networks: A review of smart charging approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 717-731.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Cain, Bruce E. & Gerber, Elisabeth R. & Lee, Nathan & Miller, Susan, 2024. "Investing in the future of mobility: The role of US local governments in building EV infrastructure," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    2. Zhou, Xizhen & Meng, Qiang & Ji, Yanjie, 2025. "Optimal charging schedules for EV charging stations considering hybrid smart and uncontrolled charging: A scalable framework," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 398(C).
    3. Feng, Siqi & Daziano, Ricardo A. & Schumacher, Kathryn M. & Sadek, Bassel A., 2026. "Modeling EV charging behavior with hybrid choice models," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    4. Capper, Timothy & Kuriakose, Jaise & Sharmina, Maria, 2024. "Facilitating domestic demand response in Britain’s electricity system," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    5. Steren, Aviv & Parag, Yael & Teschner, Na'ama & Zemah-Shamir, Shiri, 2025. "Consumer preferences and willingness to pay for EV charging: Implications for incentives to promote off-peak charging and renewables integration," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 392(C).
    6. Signer, Tim & Baumgartner, Nora & Ruppert, Manuel & Sandmeier, Thorben & Fichtner, Wolf, 2024. "Modeling V2G spot market trading: The impact of charging tariffs on economic viability," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    7. Gu, Jianqiang & Wu, Zhan & Song, Yubing & Nicolescu, Ana-Cristina, 2024. "A win-win relationship? New evidence on artificial intelligence and new energy vehicles," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    8. Helferich, Marvin & Tröger, Josephine & Stephan, Annegret & Preuß, Sabine & Pelka, Sabine & Stute, Judith & Plötz, Patrick, 2024. "Tariff option preferences for smart and bidirectional charging: Evidence from battery electric vehicle users in Germany," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    9. Shi, Hui & Goulias, Konstadinos G., 2025. "Are past ownership experience and satisfaction major determinants of endorsement and future demand for zero emission vehicle technology when accounting for vehicle characteristics?," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
    10. Hajhashemi, Elham & Lavieri, Patricia Sauri & Lucchesi, Shanna Trichês & Larranaga, Ana Margarita, 2025. "How can smartphone apps increase electric vehicle user acceptance of supplier managed charging? An investigation of psychosocial constructs using Australian data," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    11. Yao, Zhaosheng & Ren, Xinyue & Chan, Wai Kin (Victor) & Jia, Fengwei & Zhu, Hongli & Xu, Yinliang & Wu, Qiuwei, 2026. "Innovative business model for private charging pile sharing operation and its vehicle-to-grid energy management," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).
    12. Afentoulis, Konstantinos D. & Bampos, Zafeirios N. & Vagropoulos, Stylianos I. & Keranidis, Stratos D. & Biskas, Pantelis N., 2022. "Smart charging business model framework for electric vehicle aggregators," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 328(C).
    13. Joshi, Prasad Vasant & Sarkar, Bishal Dey & Choubey, Vardhan Mahesh & Sibai, Fadi & Jagtap, Sandeep, 2025. "Overcoming barriers to fuel cell electric vehicles adoption: Greener environmental governance in the Indian subcontinent," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 335(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wang, Qi & Zhang, Chunyu & Ding, Yi & Xydis, George & Wang, Jianhui & Østergaard, Jacob, 2015. "Review of real-time electricity markets for integrating Distributed Energy Resources and Demand Response," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 695-706.
    2. Heinisch, Verena & Göransson, Lisa & Erlandsson, Rasmus & Hodel, Henrik & Johnsson, Filip & Odenberger, Mikael, 2021. "Smart electric vehicle charging strategies for sectoral coupling in a city energy system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    3. Gonzalez Venegas, Felipe & Petit, Marc & Perez, Yannick, 2021. "Active integration of electric vehicles into distribution grids: Barriers and frameworks for flexibility services," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    4. Tan, Ruipeng & Tang, Di & Lin, Boqiang, 2018. "Policy impact of new energy vehicles promotion on air quality in Chinese cities," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 33-40.
    5. Benedetto Aluisio & Maria Dicorato & Imma Ferrini & Giuseppe Forte & Roberto Sbrizzai & Michele Trovato, 2019. "Optimal Sizing Procedure for Electric Vehicle Supply Infrastructure Based on DC Microgrid with Station Commitment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-19, May.
    6. Varga, Bogdan Ovidiu, 2013. "Electric vehicles, primary energy sources and CO2 emissions: Romanian case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 61-70.
    7. Christensen, K. & Ma, Z.G. & Jørgensen, B.N., 2025. "A scoping review on electric vehicle charging strategies with a technical, social, and regulatory feasibility evaluation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    8. Gaizka Saldaña & Jose Ignacio San Martin & Inmaculada Zamora & Francisco Javier Asensio & Oier Oñederra, 2019. "Electric Vehicle into the Grid: Charging Methodologies Aimed at Providing Ancillary Services Considering Battery Degradation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-37, June.
    9. Lena Ahmadi & Ali Elkamel & Sabah A. Abdul-Wahab & Michael Pan & Eric Croiset & Peter L. Douglas & Evgueniy Entchev, 2015. "Multi-Period Optimization Model for Electricity Generation Planning Considering Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Penetration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(5), pages 1-25, May.
    10. Blumsack, Seth & Fernandez, Alisha, 2012. "Ready or not, here comes the smart grid!," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 61-68.
    11. Reza Fachrizal & Joakim Munkhammar, 2020. "Improved Photovoltaic Self-Consumption in Residential Buildings with Distributed and Centralized Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-19, March.
    12. Muhandiram Arachchige Subodha Tharangi Ireshika & Ruben Lliuyacc-Blas & Peter Kepplinger, 2021. "Voltage-Based Droop Control of Electric Vehicles in Distribution Grids under Different Charging Power Levels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-12, June.
    13. Jean-Michel Clairand & Paulo Guerra-Terán & Xavier Serrano-Guerrero & Mario González-Rodríguez & Guillermo Escrivá-Escrivá, 2019. "Electric Vehicles for Public Transportation in Power Systems: A Review of Methodologies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-22, August.
    14. Dongnyok Shim & Seung Wan Kim & Jörn Altmann & Yong Tae Yoon & Jin Gyo Kim, 2018. "Key Features of Electric Vehicle Diffusion and Its Impact on the Korean Power Market," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-18, June.
    15. Zhaoxi Liu & Qiuwei Wu & Arne Hejde Nielsen & Yun Wang, 2014. "Day-Ahead Energy Planning with 100% Electric Vehicle Penetration in the Nordic Region by 2050," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(3), pages 1-17, March.
    16. Jian, Liu & Zechun, Hu & Banister, David & Yongqiang, Zhao & Zhongying, Wang, 2018. "The future of energy storage shaped by electric vehicles: A perspective from China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 249-257.
    17. Tuballa, Maria Lorena & Abundo, Michael Lochinvar, 2016. "A review of the development of Smart Grid technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 710-725.
    18. Coelho, Vitor N. & Weiss Cohen, Miri & Coelho, Igor M. & Liu, Nian & Guimarães, Frederico Gadelha, 2017. "Multi-agent systems applied for energy systems integration: State-of-the-art applications and trends in microgrids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 820-832.
    19. Youssef Amry & Elhoussin Elbouchikhi & Franck Le Gall & Mounir Ghogho & Soumia El Hani, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Traction Drives and Charging Station Power Electronics: Current Status and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-30, August.
    20. Umetani, Shunji & Fukushima, Yuta & Morita, Hiroshi, 2017. "A linear programming based heuristic algorithm for charge and discharge scheduling of electric vehicles in a building energy management system," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 115-122.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt98z4b5rr. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Lisa Schiff (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/itucbus.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.