Charging mode choice of electric micromobility users under uncertainty

The need to develop new charging practices for electric micromobility vehicles (EMVs) is inevitable due to the challenges associated with charging and managing their batteries. Intelligent battery swapping services for EMVs have expanded from being business-to-business to business-to-customer. This battery swapping model offers the advantages of convenience and battery controllability, effectively addressing the current charging issues faced by EMVs. To assess the feasibility and potential success of promoting intelligent battery swapping services, this study conducts a stated choice experiment to investigate the charging behavior of EMV users across different modes, such as self-operated charging, charging at charging stations, and intelligent battery swapping. We propose a charging and swapping choice modeling approach that combines cumulative prospect theory and multi-attribute decision making methods to model charging decisions under uncertainty. The results demonstrate that our proposed method surpasses conventional models in terms of model goodness-of-fit and behavioral interpretation. Furthermore, heterogeneity was observed among EMV users in their charging and swapping behaviors. Based on these findings, we discuss policy implications for creating sustainable cities, with a particular focus on establishing intelligent battery swapping facilities.