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Candidate Set Size and Voting Behavior: A Front-Door Approach to Causal Moderation

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  • Masayuki Haruhara

Abstract

We study causal moderation when treatment assignment is randomized but the moderator is not. We combine the parallel estimation framework with front-door adjustment to identify an average mediated treatment moderation effect. We apply this approach to 165 municipal assembly elections in Tokyo (1987-2023), where pamphlet positions are assigned by lottery and total pamphlet pages are mechanically determined by candidate set size and fixed municipal rules. One additional candidate increases the front-page effect on winning probability by 0.322 percentage points through the page-count channel, 8.0% of its baseline magnitude, while the back-page effect does not increase significantly.

Suggested Citation

  • Masayuki Haruhara, 2026. "Candidate Set Size and Voting Behavior: A Front-Door Approach to Causal Moderation," Papers 2608.20779, arXiv.org.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2608.20779
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    References listed on IDEAS

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