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Conceptual winsorizing: An application to the social cost of carbon

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  • Richard S. J. Tol

Abstract

There are many published estimates of the social cost of carbon. Some are clear outliers, the result of poorly constrained models. Percentile winsorizing is an option, but I here propose conceptual winsorizing: The social cost of carbon is either a willingness to pay, which cannot exceed the ability to pay, or a proposed carbon tax, which cannot raise more revenue than all other taxes combined. Conceptual winsorizing successfully removes high outliers. It slackens as economies decarbonize, slowly without climate policy, faster with.

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  • Richard S. J. Tol, 2025. "Conceptual winsorizing: An application to the social cost of carbon," Papers 2508.07384, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2025.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2508.07384
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