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Efectos macro sectoriales de eliminar el subsidio implícito al gas para la generación eléctrica en Bolivia

Author

Listed:
  • Javier Aliaga Lordemann

    (Investigador asociado de INESAD)

  • Luis Salinas San Martin

    (Docente Universidad Privada Boliviana)

  • Leonardo Betanzos Saravia

    (Asistente de investigación de INESAD)

Abstract

El documento presenta un primer ejercicio para analizar los efectos macroeconómicos y sectoriales de eliminar el subsidio implícito al gas destinado a la generación eléctrica en Bolivia. Para ello, utiliza un modelo simple de corto plazo tipo 2STAGE-E estático de Equilibrio General Computable (CGE), calibrado con una Matriz de Contabilidad Social (SAM), y simula escenarios de retiro gradual y total del subsidio. El ejercicio se organiza en dos bloques complementarios. El primero mide el costo de oportunidad del subsidio y sus efectos sobre inflación, consumo, PIB y sectores productivos. El segundo evalúa cómo distintos precios del gas se trasladan a la tarifa eléctrica bajo escenarios de demanda constante y demanda flexible. El análisis distingue dos precios de referencia del gas. El primero corresponde a un precio máximo regulatorio o de transición, en el que el precio del gas aumenta de 1,30 US$/KPC a aproximadamente 3,25–3,35 US$/KPC. Este caso representa un ajuste parcial del subsidio y genera un aumento de la tarifa regulada cercano al 30%, lo que permite identificar un primer umbral de reforma. El segundo precio de referencia es 6,60 US$/KPC o US$/MMBtu, utilizado como aproximación al costo de oportunidad del gas. Este valor representa un escenario de sinceramiento económico completo. Además, el bloque tarifario incorpora dos casos adicionales: la convergencia a costo de generación, asociada a un costo térmico cercano a 60 US$/MWh, y un escenario de importación de gas, que evalúa el riesgo de que el país deba importar gas natural para generación eléctrica en los próximos años. A nivel macroeconómico, los resultados muestran que, con un retiro del subsidio de 25%, la tarifa eléctrica aumenta 13,9%, el IPC sube 1,3%, el consumo real de los hogares cae 1,5% y el PIB real agregado se reduce 0,4%. Cuando el precio del gas se acerca a 3,25–3,35 US$/KPC, la tarifa aumenta alrededor de 30%. Con un precio de referencia de 6,60 US$/KPC, equivalente a un retiro de 50%, el precio del gas llega a 3,95 US$/KPC, la tarifa eléctrica aumenta 27,7%, el IPC sube 2,7%, el consumo de los hogares cae 3,1% y el PIB real se reduce 0,9%. Finalmente, con un retiro de 100% respecto al precio de 6,60 US$/KPC, la tarifa eléctrica aumenta 55,5%, el IPC sube 5,4%, el consumo real de los hogares cae 6,1% y el PIB real agregado se contrae 1,8%. Los escenarios de importación muestran que, si el país debe recurrir a gas importado para sostener la generación térmica, la tarifa podría enfrentar presiones mucho mayores, superiores al 76%. A nivel sectorial, el impacto directo más fuerte se observa en electricidad y agua, cuyo PIB cae 13,7% en el escenario de retiro total. Sin embargo, la manufactura aparece como el sector más relevante y vulnerable por su intensidad eléctrica, su dependencia de insumos intermedios y su exposición al mercado interno. En este escenario, la manufactura registra un aumento de precios de 4,2% y una caída del PIB sectorial de 2,2%. También se observan impactos relevantes en minería e hidrocarburos, transporte y logística, construcción, y comercio y otros servicios, lo que confirma el carácter transversal del shock eléctrico. El documento concluye que la eliminación del subsidio debería aplicarse de forma gradual y acompañarse de medidas de mitigación. Entre las principales recomendaciones se encuentran: sustituir el subsidio universal por protección focalizada aguas abajo; rediseñar la estructura tarifaria con bloques de consumo diferenciados; proteger a los hogares vulnerables mediante una tarifa social fortalecida; establecer tratamientos transitorios para sectores electrointensivos; impulsar la eficiencia energética, la gestión de demanda, la reducción de pérdidas, las energías renovables, el almacenamiento y la generación distribuida; y crear un fondo de transición energética y compensación productiva con trazabilidad explícita.

Suggested Citation

  • Javier Aliaga Lordemann & Luis Salinas San Martin & Leonardo Betanzos Saravia, 2026. "Efectos macro sectoriales de eliminar el subsidio implícito al gas para la generación eléctrica en Bolivia," Development Research Working Paper Series 04/2026, Institute for Advanced Development Studies.
  • Handle: RePEc:adv:wpaper:202604
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    File URL: http://www.inesad.edu.bo/pdf/wp2026/wp04_2026.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dominique Njinkeu & Calvin Djiofack & Defne Gencer & Lulit Mitik Beyene & Mosuru Olukayode Alli, 2023. "Macroeconomic Modeling and Energy Subsidy Reform Policy Dialogue," World Bank Publications - Reports 40802, The World Bank Group.
    2. Gabriela Inchauste & David G. Victor, 2017. "The Political Economy of Energy Subsidy Reform," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 26216, April.
    3. Wu, Wei & Zhang, Naishan & Hu, Yingying & Zhou, Dengli & Long, Houyin, 2023. "Crossing the cross-subsidy: Evidence from China's electricity sector," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    4. Mauricio Tapia Herbas, 2013. "Determinación de un adecuado precio del gas natural para el sector eléctrico boliviano," Revista Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Economico, Carrera de Economía de la Universidad Católica Boliviana (UCB), issue 19, pages 99-123.
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • Q43 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Energy and the Macroeconomy
    • Q48 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Government Policy
    • D58 - Microeconomics - - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium - - - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
    • H23 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies

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