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The AI supply chain

Author

Listed:
  • Leonardo Gambacorta
  • Vatsala Shreeti

Abstract

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) relies on a complex supply chain comprising five key layers: hardware, cloud infrastructure, training data, foundation models and AI applications. This paper examines the market structure of each layer and highlights the economic forces shaping them: rapid technological change, high fixed costs, economies of scale, network effects and, in some cases, strategic behaviour by dominant firms. We also highlight the expanding influence of big tech companies across the AI supply chain. We discuss the challenges for consumer choice, innovation, operational resilience, cyber security and financial stability.

Suggested Citation

  • Leonardo Gambacorta & Vatsala Shreeti, 2025. "The AI supply chain," BIS Papers, Bank for International Settlements, number 154.
    • Handle: RePEc:bis:bisbps:154
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Iñaki Aldasoro & Leonardo Gambacorta & Anton Korinek & Vatsala Shreeti & Merlin Stein, 2024. "Intelligent financial system: how AI is transforming finance," BIS Working Papers 1194, Bank for International Settlements.
    2. Emilio Calvano & Giacomo Calzolari & Vincenzo Denicolò & Sergio Pastorello, 2020. "Artificial Intelligence, Algorithmic Pricing, and Collusion," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 110(10), pages 3267-3297, October.
    3. Schaefer, Maximilian & Sapi, Geza, 2023. "Complementarities in learning from data: Insights from general search," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    4. Stephanie Assad & Robert Clark & Daniel Ershov & Lei Xu, 2024. "Algorithmic Pricing and Competition: Empirical Evidence from the German Retail Gasoline Market," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 132(3), pages 723-771.
    5. Andrei Hagiu & Julian Wright, 2023. "Data‐enabled learning, network effects, and competitive advantage," RAND Journal of Economics, RAND Corporation, vol. 54(4), pages 638-667, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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