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CBDCs beyond borders: results from a survey of central banks

Author

Listed:
  • Raphael Auer
  • Codruta Boar
  • Giulio Cornelli
  • Jon Frost
  • Henry Holden
  • Andreas Wehrli

Abstract

Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) could ease current frictions in cross-border payments – and particularly so if central banks factor an international dimension into CBDC design from the outset. Based on a survey of 50 central banks in the first quarter of 2021, this paper explores initial thinking on the cross-border use of CBDCs. While most central banks have yet to take a firm decision on issuing a CBDC, the survey responses show a tentative inclination towards allowing use of a future CBDC by tourists and other non-residents domestically. They have a cautious approach to allowing use of a CBDC beyond their own jurisdiction. Concerns about the economic and monetary implications of cross-border CBDC use and about private sector global stablecoins are taken seriously. At the wholesale level, 28% of surveyed central banks are considering options to make CBDCs interoperable by forming multi-CBDC arrangements. This involves arrangements that enhance compatibility, interlink or even integrate multiple CBDCs into a single payments system. Finally, almost 14% of respondents are considering an active role for the central bank in FX conversion.

Suggested Citation

  • Raphael Auer & Codruta Boar & Giulio Cornelli & Jon Frost & Henry Holden & Andreas Wehrli, 2021. "CBDCs beyond borders: results from a survey of central banks," BIS Papers, Bank for International Settlements, number 116.
    • Handle: RePEc:bis:bisbps:116
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Raphael Auer & Philipp Haene & Henry Holden, 2021. "Multi-CBDC arrangements and the future of cross-border payments," BIS Papers, Bank for International Settlements, number 115.
    2. Auer, Raphael & Shin, Hyun Song & Monnet, Cyril, 2021. "Distributed Ledgers and the Governance of Money," CEPR Discussion Papers 16752, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
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    6. Codruta Boar & Andreas Wehrli, 2021. "Ready, steady, go? - Results of the third BIS survey on central bank digital currency," BIS Papers, Bank for International Settlements, number 114.
    7. Douglas Arner & Raphael Auer & Jon Frost, 2020. "Stablecoins: risks, potential and regulation," Revista de Estabilidad Financiera, Banco de España, issue Autumn.
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    11. Jon Frost & Hyun Song Shin & Peter Wierts, 2020. "An early stablecoin? The Bank of Amsterdam and the governance of money," Working Papers 696, DNB.
    12. Gabriele Galati, 2002. "Settlement risk in foreign exchange markets and CLS Bank," BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements, December.
    13. Antonio Diez de los Rios & Yu Zhu, 2020. "CBDC and Monetary Sovereignty," Staff Analytical Notes 2020-5, Bank of Canada.
    14. Raphael Auer & Cyril Monnet & Hyun Song Shin, 2021. "Permissioned Distributed Ledgers and the Governance of Money," Diskussionsschriften dp2101, Universitaet Bern, Departement Volkswirtschaft.
    15. Tara Rice & Goetz von Peter & Codruta Boar, 2020. "On the global retreat of correspondent banks," BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements, March.
    16. Raphael Auer & Rainer Boehme, 2020. "The technology of retail central bank digital currency," BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements, March.
    17. Morten Linnemann Bech & Umar Faruqui & Takeshi Shirakami, 2020. "Payments without borders," BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements, March.
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    19. Morten Linnemann Bech & Jenny Hancock, 2020. "Innovations in payments," BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Van Roosebeke, Bert & Defina, Ryan, 2022. "Central Bank Digital Currencies: A Review of Operating Models and Design Issues," MPRA Paper 116240, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Ferrari Minesso, Massimo & Mehl, Arnaud & Stracca, Livio, 2022. "Central bank digital currency in an open economy," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 54-68.
    3. Simone Auer & Nicola Branzoli & Giuseppe Ferrero & Antonio Ilari & Francesco Palazzo & Edoardo Rainone, 2024. "CBDC and the banking system," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 829, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    4. Li, Zhenghui & Yang, Cunyi & Huang, Zhehao, 2022. "How does the fintech sector react to signals from central bank digital currencies?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    5. Salzer, Tim, 2024. "A short infrastructural history of currency digitalization in the People’s Republic of China, 2000s-2020s," SocArXiv 5yq4r, Center for Open Science.
    6. Andrej Sokol & Michael Kumhof & Marco Pinchetti & Phurichai Rungcharoenkitkul, 2023. "CBDC policies in open economies," BIS Working Papers 1086, Bank for International Settlements.
    7. Sally Chen & Tirupam Goel & Han Qiu & Ilhyock Shim, 2022. "CBDCs in emerging market economies," BIS Papers chapters, in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), CBDCs in emerging market economies, volume 123, pages 1-21, Bank for International Settlements.
    8. Raphael Auer & Giulio Cornelli & Jon Frost, 2023. "Rise of the Central Bank Digital Currencies," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 19(4), pages 185-214, October.
    9. Rehman, Mubeen Abdur & Irfan, Muhammad & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Lucey, Brian M. & Karim, Sitara, 2023. "Macro-financial implications of central bank digital currencies," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    10. Shalva Mkhatrishvili & Wim Boonstra, 2022. "What we know on Central Bank Digital Currencies (so far)," NBG Working Papers 01/2022, National Bank of Georgia.
    11. Nadia Pocher & Andreas Veneris, 2022. "Central Bank Digital Currencies," Springer Optimization and Its Applications, in: Duc A. Tran & My T. Thai & Bhaskar Krishnamachari (ed.), Handbook on Blockchain, pages 463-501, Springer.
    12. Anneke Kosse & Ilaria Mattei, 2022. "Gaining momentum – Results of the 2021 BIS survey on central bank digital currencies," BIS Papers, Bank for International Settlements, number 125.
    13. Riccardo De Bonis & Giuseppe Ferrero, 2022. "Technological progress and institutional adaptations: the case of the Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 690, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    14. Ozili, Peterson K, 2023. "A Survey of Central Bank Digital Currency Adoption in African countries," MPRA Paper 118794, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Le, Anh H., 2022. "Central bank digital currency and cryptocurrency in emerging markets," MPRA Paper 114734, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Solikin M. Juhro, 2023. "Future Central Banking In Emerging Market Economies," Working Papers WP/01/2023, Bank Indonesia.
    17. Manole Decebal BOGDAN, 2023. "The Law of the Digital Economy a Reality for Legal Relations in the Future - New International Investment Protection," International Investment Law Journal, Societatea de Stiinte Juridice si Administrative (Society of Juridical and Administrative Sciences), vol. 3(2), pages 146-155, July.

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