IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/intssr/v73y2020i2p27-50.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Substitution and spill‐overs between early exit pathways in times of extending working lives in Europe

Author

Listed:
  • Aart‐Jan Riekhoff
  • Kati Kuitto
  • Liisa‐Maria Palomäki

Abstract

This article investigates to what extent instrument substitution between early exit pathways took place in Europe between 1995 and 2015. Using Eurostat aggregate data on labour market inactivity and employment rates among the population aged 55–64 in 19 European countries, we analyse substitution effects between pathways and overall spill‐over effects into non‐employment. In spite of a strong decline in early exit and rises in older workers’ employment rates, findings suggest that instrument substitution was common especially between early retirement and disability. Reductions in early exit coincided with considerable spill‐overs into non‐employment, yet these spill‐overs were limited when pathways contracted simultaneously. Cet article analyse dans quelle mesure l’instrument de substitution entre les différentes passerelles vers la retraite anticipée a été utilisé en Europe entre 1995 et 2015. En nous appuyant sur des données agrégées d’Eurostat relatives aux taux d’emploi et d’inactivité sur le marché du travail parmi la population âgée de 55 à 64 ans dans 19 pays européens, nous analysons les effets de la substitution entre les passerelles et les effets globaux d’entraînement vers le non‐emploi. Malgré un important déclin des départs à la retraite anticipés et une augmentation du taux d’emploi des travailleurs plus âgés, les conclusions de l’analyse suggèrent que la substitution était courante, en particulier entre la retraite anticipée et l’invalidité. La réduction des départs anticipés a coïncidé avec d’importants effets d'entrainement vers le non‐emploi, cependant ces effets se sont avérés limités car dans le même temps l’accès à ces passerelles a été restreint. En este artículo se analiza en qué medida se produjeron cambios entre las diferentes modalidades de jubilación anticipada en Europa entre 1995 y 2015. A partir de datos agregados de Eurostat sobre las tasas de inactividad en el marcado de trabajo y de empleo de la población de 55 a 64 años de edad en 19 países europeos, analizamos los efectos de los cambios de modalidad de jubilación y los efectos generales de la sustitución de dicha jubilación por el desempleo. A pesar de la fuerte disminución de las jubilaciones anticipadas y del aumento de la tasa de actividad de los trabajadores de edad avanzada, las conclusiones del análisis sugieren que los cambios han sido frecuente, en especial la sustitución de la jubilación anticipada por la discapacidad. Si bien la disminución de las jubilaciones anticipadas coincidió con numerosas sustituciones de jubilación por el desempleo, estos efectos disminuyeron al reducirse las diferentes modalidades de jubilación. In diesem Artikel wird untersucht, inwieweit Instrumentensubstitution unter Möglichkeiten zum frühen Austritt in Europa zwischen 1995 und 2015 zum Einsatz kam. Anhand von aggregierten Eurostat‐Daten über Nichterwerbsquoten und Beschäftigungsquoten unter der Bevölkerung von 55 bis 64 Jahren in 19 europäischen Staaten analysieren wir Substitutionseffekte zwischen Austrittswegen und Gesamtausstrahlungseffekte in die Nichterwerbstätigkeit. Trotz eines starken Rückgangs des vorzeitigen Ausscheidens und des Anstiegs der Beschäftigungsquote von älteren Arbeitnehmern weisen die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass Instrumentensubstitution insbesondere zwischen Frührente und Invalidität geläufig war. Die Abnahme des frühen Ausscheidens fiel mit erheblichen Ausstrahlungseffekten in Nichterwerbstätigkeit zusammen. Dabei war diese Ausstrahlung jedoch geringer, wenn der Zugang zu alternativen Instrumenten gleichzeitig erschwert wurde. В этой статье исследуется уровень инструментального замещения между случаями раннего ухода с рынка труда, которое происходило в странах Европы в 1995‐2015гг. Используя обобщённые данные о неактивности рынка труда и уровнях занятости населения в 19 странах Европы в возрасте 55─64 лет, мы проведём анализ эффектов замещения между случаями ухода с рынка труда и эффектов перелива в сегмент незанятости. Несмотря на существенный спад в ситуации с ранним уходом с рынка труда и рост уровня занятости работников старшего возраста, результаты исследования дают основание полагать, что инструментальное замещение между собой особенно характерно для раннего выхода на пенсию и потери трудоспособности. Уменьшение количества случаев раннего ухода с рынка труда совпадает со значительным переливом в сегмент незанятости. Тем не менее, такие переливы были ограничены тогда, когда случаи ухода с рынка труда одновременно сокращались. 本文调查了欧洲1995至2015年各个早退路径之间在何种程度上发生了工具性替代。我们利用欧洲统计局针对19个欧洲国家55至64岁人口的劳动市场不活跃率与就业率所得出的汇总数据, 分析了各个路径之间的替代效应与进入非就业状态的整体溢出效应。尽管早退比率大幅下降而较年长工作者的就业率有所提升, 调查发现工具性替代相当普遍, 特别是在提早退休与残疾两者之间。早退率的降低与大量工作者进入非就业业状态相吻合。然而, 当诸多路径同时收窄时, 这些溢出便变得有限。 يدرس هذا المقال مدى حدوث استبدال الأدوات بين مختلف إمكانيات التقاعد المبكر بين 1995 و2015. وباستخدام البيانات المجمعة للمكتب الإحصائي للجماعات الأوروبية بشأن ركود أسواق العمل ومعدلات البطالة في أوساط السكان البالغة أعمارهم بين 55 و64 عاماً في 19 بلداً أوروبياً، قمنا بتحليل آثار الاستبدال بين إمكانيات التقاعد المبكر والآثار الإجمالية على البطالة. وعلى الرغم من الانخفاض الكبير في معدلات التقاعد المبكر والزيادة في معدلات نشاط العمال الأكبر سناً، تبين النتائج أن استبدال الأدوات هو أمر شائع لا سيما بين التقاعد المبكر والإعلان عن العجز. وتزامنت حالات الانخفاض في التقاعد المبكر مع تفاقم البطالة، في حين ثبت أن البطاله تنحسر عندما تتزامن الحالتان فقط. Este artigo investiga até que ponto instrumentos de substituição entre planos de saída precoce do mercado de trabalho ocorreram na Europa entre 1995 e 2015. A partir de dados agregados do Eurostat sobre inatividade do mercado de trabalho e taxas de emprego na população entre 55 e 64 anos em 19 países europeus, analisamos os efeitos da substituição de planos e os efeitos em geral das vantagens subsidiárias na situação de não‐emprego. Apesar de um forte declínio em saída precoce do mercado de trabalho e dos aumentos das taxas de emprego dos trabalhadores mais velhos, os levantamentos sinalizam que a substituição do instrumento era comum, especialmente entre aposentadoria precoce e casos de invalidez. As reduções em saída precoce do mercado de trabalho coincidiram com as consideráveis vantagens subsidiárias no não‐emprego, embora tais vantagens subsidiárias fossem limitadas no caso de planos contratados simultaneamente.

Suggested Citation

  • Aart‐Jan Riekhoff & Kati Kuitto & Liisa‐Maria Palomäki, 2020. "Substitution and spill‐overs between early exit pathways in times of extending working lives in Europe," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 73(2), pages 27-50, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:intssr:v:73:y:2020:i:2:p:27-50
    DOI: 10.1111/issr.12237
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12237
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/issr.12237?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lukas Inderbitzin & Stefan Staubli & Josef Zweimüller, 2016. "Extended Unemployment Benefits and Early Retirement: Program Complementarity and Program Substitution," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 8(1), pages 253-288, February.
    2. Bernard Casey, 1987. "Early retirement: The problems of instrument substitution and cost shifting and their implications for restructuring the process of retirement1," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 40(4), pages 343-360, October.
    3. Chiara Ardito, 2017. "Rising pension age in Italy: Employment response and Program substitution," LABORatorio R. Revelli Working Papers Series 155, LABORatorio R. Revelli, Centre for Employment Studies.
    4. David H. Autor & Mark G. Duggan, 2003. "The Rise in the Disability Rolls and the Decline in Unemployment," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 118(1), pages 157-206.
    5. Alfonso Arpaia & Kamil Dybczak & Fabiana Pierini, 2009. "Assessing the short-term impact of pension reforms on older workers' participation rates in the EU: a diff-in-diff approach," European Economy - Economic Papers 2008 - 2015 385, Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission.
    6. Alain Jousten & Mathieu Lefebvre & Sergio Perelman, 2012. "Disability in Belgium: There Is More Than Meets the Eye," NBER Chapters, in: Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: Historical Trends in Mortality and Health, Employment, and Disability Insurance Participatio, pages 251-276, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    7. Beck, Nathaniel & Katz, Jonathan N., 1995. "What To Do (and Not to Do) with Time-Series Cross-Section Data," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 89(3), pages 634-647, September.
    8. Staubli, Stefan & Zweimüller, Josef, 2013. "Does raising the early retirement age increase employment of older workers?," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 17-32.
    9. Lammers, Marloes & Bloemen, Hans & Hochguertel, Stefan, 2013. "Job search requirements for older unemployed: Transitions to employment, early retirement and disability benefits," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 31-57.
    10. Welteke, Clara & Geyer, Johannes & Haan, Peter, 2016. "Early retirement eligibility and employment behavior: evidence from a cohort based pension reform," VfS Annual Conference 2016 (Augsburg): Demographic Change 145783, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    11. Pierre Koning & Daniel van Vuuren, 2010. "Disability insurance and unemployment insurance as substitute pathways," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 42(5), pages 575-588.
    12. Karlström, Anders & Palme, Mårten & Svensson, Ingemar, 2008. "The employment effect of stricter rules for eligibility for DI: Evidence from a natural experiment in Sweden," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(10-11), pages 2071-2082, October.
    13. Lex Borghans & Anne C. Gielen & Erzo F. P. Luttmer, 2014. "Social Support Substitution and the Earnings Rebound: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity in Disability Insurance Reform," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 6(4), pages 34-70, November.
    14. Kadir Atalay & Garry F. Barrett, 2015. "The Impact of Age Pension Eligibility Age on Retirement and Program Dependence: Evidence from an Australian Experiment," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 97(1), pages 71-87, March.
    15. Regina Riphahn, 1997. "Disability retirement and unemployment - substitute pathways for labour force exit? An empirical test for the case of Germany," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 29(5), pages 551-561.
    16. Tomi Kyyrä, 2015. "Early Retirement Policy in the Presence of Competing Exit Pathways: Evidence from Pension Reforms in Finland," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 82(325), pages 46-78, January.
    17. Jonathan Cribb & Carl Emmerson & Gemma Tetlow, 2013. "Incentives, shocks or signals: labour supply effects of increasing the female state pension age in the UK," IFS Working Papers W13/03, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
    18. Duggan, Mark & Singleton, Perry & Song, Jae, 2007. "Aching to retire? The rise in the full retirement age and its impact on the social security disability rolls," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(7-8), pages 1327-1350, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Bengtsson, Mats & König, Stefanie & Schönbeck, Simon & Wadensjö, Eskil, 2022. "Leaving the Labor Market Early in Sweden – Learning from International Experience," IZA Discussion Papers 15327, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Cristiano Antonelli, 2017. "The Engines of the Creative Response: Reactivity and Knowledge Governance," Economía: teoría y práctica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México, vol. 47(2), pages 9-30, Julio-Dic.
    2. Chiara Ardito, 2017. "Rising pension age in Italy: Employment response and Program substitution," LABORatorio R. Revelli Working Papers Series 155, LABORatorio R. Revelli, Centre for Employment Studies.
    3. Ardito Chiara, 2021. "The unequal impact of raising the retirement age: Employment response and program substitution," IZA Journal of Labor Economics, Sciendo & Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), vol. 10(1), pages 1-37, January.
    4. Barbara Engels & Johannes Geyer & Peter Haan, 2016. "Pension Incentives and Early Retirement," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1617, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    5. Engels, Barbara & Geyer, Johannes & Haan, Peter, 2017. "Pension incentives and early retirement," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 216-231.
    6. Johannes Geyer & Clara Welteke, 2017. "Closing Routes to Retirement: How Do People Respond?," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1653, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    7. Welteke, Clara & Geyer, Johannes & Haan, Peter, 2016. "Early retirement eligibility and employment behavior: evidence from a cohort based pension reform," VfS Annual Conference 2016 (Augsburg): Demographic Change 145783, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    8. Staubli, Stefan & Zweimüller, Josef, 2011. "Does Raising the Retirement Age Increase Employment of Older Workers?," IZA Discussion Papers 5863, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    9. Kruse, Herman & Myhre, Andreas, 2021. "Early Retirement Provision for Elderly Displaced Workers," MPRA Paper 109431, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Songül Tolan, 2017. "The Effect of Partial Retirement on Labor Supply, Public Balances and the Income Distribution: Evidence from a Structural Analysis," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1679, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    11. Zweimüller, Josef, 2018. "Unemployment insurance and the labor market," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 1-14.
    12. Zwick, Thomas & Bruns, Mona & Geyer, Johannes & Lorenz, Svenja, 2022. "Early retirement of employees in demanding jobs: Evidence from a German pension reform," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 22(C).
    13. Kruse, Herman & Myhre, Andreas, 2021. "Early Retirement Provision for Elderly Displaced Workers," MPRA Paper 118689, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 21 Sep 2023.
    14. Lukas Inderbitzin & Stefan Staubli & Josef Zweimüller, 2016. "Extended Unemployment Benefits and Early Retirement: Program Complementarity and Program Substitution," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 8(1), pages 253-288, February.
    15. De Brouwer, Octave & Leduc, Elisabeth & Tojerow, Ilan, 2023. "The consequences of job search monitoring for the long-term unemployed: Disability instead of employment?," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    16. Staubli, Stefan & Zweimüller, Josef, 2013. "Does raising the early retirement age increase employment of older workers?," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 17-32.
    17. Todd Morris, 2022. "The unequal burden of retirement reform: Evidence from Australia," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 60(2), pages 592-619, April.
    18. Simon Rabaté & Julie Tréguier, 2022. "Labor Supply Effects of Survivor Insurance: Evidence from Restricted Access to Survivor Benefits in the Netherlands," CPB Discussion Paper 437, CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis.
    19. Riphahn, Regina T. & Schrader, Rebecca, 2023. "Reforms of an early retirement pathway in Germany and their labor market effects," Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, Cambridge University Press, vol. 22(3), pages 304-330, July.
    20. Rob Euwals & Annemiek van Vuren & Daniel van Vuuren, 2011. "The impact of reforms on labour market exit probabilities," CPB Discussion Paper 179, CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:intssr:v:73:y:2020:i:2:p:27-50. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://doi.org/10.1111/(ISSN)1865-1674 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.