Financial Instruments Used To Support The Green Transition In Romania

The transition to a green economy represents one of the most complex challenges of the current decades, involving profound transformations of the energy, industrial and financial sectors. The main objective of this paper is to analyze and systematize the main financial instruments that contribute to supporting the green transition, with a focus on their role in mobilizing private and public capital for sustainable projects. The study examines a wide range of mechanisms – from green bonds, sustainable loans and ESG investment funds, to innovative schemes such as blended finance and sustainability-related derivatives. The research combines theoretical analysis of the European and international framework with an empirical assessment of the efficiency of these instruments in attracting investments in renewable energy, sustainable infrastructure and energy efficiency projects in Romania. The research conclusions emphasize the importance of collaboration between financial institutions, public authorities and investors to create an ecosystem favorable to green financing. Through a comparative and multidimensional approach, the paper provides a theoretical and practical basis for improving public policies and existing financial instruments, contributing to accelerating the transition to a low-carbon economy and achieving sustainable development goals.