Fish for food and nutrition security in India: a comprehensive framework analysis

Food and nutritional security are essential worldwide. Availability alone doesn't guarantee access or adequacy, as food can be inaccessible, unacceptable, or unstable. Even when abundant, it may not meet the all requirements, and fish is equally affected by these challenges. Fish provides essential protein, micronutrients, and fatty acids to food-insecure populations. However, the contribution of fish to household or individual nutrition is influenced by its availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. This study examines the role of fish and fisheries in food and nutritional security in the Indian context. The study was based on the framework of food and nutritional security. It undertakes a comprehensive literature analysis to gain insights into food and nutritional security as a primary concern. It also examines how fisheries can ensure sustainable availability, equitable access to nutritious fish, and stability amidst physical, economic, and social challenges. Additionally, it discusses potential risks, such as climate change, seasonality, and price volatility, which could undermine fish availability and thus, food security. The fish availability does not automatically guarantee food and nutritional security, as issues of access, nutrient adequacy, utility (quality and safety), and stability must also be addressed. Findings suggest that achieving sustainable food security through fisheries requires effective management, conservation, and policies that promote equitable distribution and long-term resource sustainability. Given the complexities and trade-offs involved in balancing human needs with environmental protection, reforms are needed in the fish supply chain. These reforms should improve market conditions, infrastructure, pricing, safety, quality, and sustainable fishing practices.