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Livelihood diversification strategies adaption determinants in flood-prone Bait areas of Punjab, Pakistan

Author

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  • Dilshad Ahmad

    (COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus)

  • Muhammad Afzal

    (Preston University)

Abstract

Climate based consecutive occurrence of natural disasters have severely influenced the livelihood of global population particularly the rural communities of developing countries. In Pakistan, rural Bait household’s livelihood have become more susceptible because of frequent happening of flood disasters. Bait inhabitants are seeking and adopting strategies to diversify their livelihood to defend from such intense climatic dynamics. The purpose of this study is to investigate the livelihood diversification strategies determinants adaption to natural disasters in flood-prone Bait households in Punjab, Pakistan. This research work applied multi-stage stratified random sampling approach for data collection of 380 households in Bait area and used multi-nominal logistic regression method for empirical estimation. Inimitable insight given in the reasoning of study for proper apprehension how livelihood strategies, livelihood resources and livelihood outcomes are intimately trussed in the structure for sustainable rural livelihood. In this research work Bait household were categorized into five distinct classes altogether with crop farming. In the livelihood choices, livestock rearing with crop farming considered most amentaceous livelihood strategy for Bait inhabitants. Outcomes of research analysis indicated as household head education, age, value of household assets, land holding, dependency ratio, annual income, credit access and organization membership influenced significantly in adoption livelihood diversification strategies. Moreover, distance from home to market, road, Bait area distances, dry season communication, waterlogged duration and Bait ecosystem agro-ecology were significantly affected in adoption livelihood diversification strategies. In feasible policy measures more significant factors of livelihood strategies selection need to be promote and attempt appropriate strategies adoption. These policy measures must assure raising livelihood assets, minimize disaster from natural hazards and developing strong infrastructure so as to transmute local circumstance and capable poor households to build more bankable livelihood strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Dilshad Ahmad & Muhammad Afzal, 2025. "Livelihood diversification strategies adaption determinants in flood-prone Bait areas of Punjab, Pakistan," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 27(6), pages 12985-13022, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:27:y:2025:i:6:d:10.1007_s10668-023-04435-y
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-04435-y
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