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The Effect of the Crowd on Home Bias: Evidence from NBA Games During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

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  • Hua Gong

Abstract

The present study examines a specific type of referee biases, home bias, and analyzes how the presence of fans affects home bias by using NBA games played in empty arenas during the COVID-19 pandemic in the 2020–2021 season and matches played before the pandemic from 2017 to 2020. This research also uses a unique data set from NBA Last Two Minute Reports to assess referees’ performance at the play level. The findings show crowd support does not cause referees to treat home and away teams differently in crucial situations during the NBA regular season, contrary to the results in most prior studies.

Suggested Citation

  • Hua Gong, 2022. "The Effect of the Crowd on Home Bias: Evidence from NBA Games During the COVID-19 Pandemic," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 23(7), pages 950-975, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:jospec:v:23:y:2022:i:7:p:950-975
    DOI: 10.1177/15270025211073337
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Adam Cook, 2026. "The 12th Man Plays Defense: The Effects of Heterogeneous COVID-19 NFL Stadium Attendance Restrictions," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 27(1), pages 27-56, January.
    4. Camilo Abbate & Jeffrey Cross & Richard Uhrig, 2025. "Video assistant referee and home field advantage: Implications for referee bias," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 91(3), pages 1176-1196, January.

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