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Reciprocating Influence Strategies in Interstate Crisis Bargaining

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  • Russell J. Leng

    (Middlebury College)

Abstract

The findings of a quantitative analysis of the effectiveness of reciprocating influence strategies in militarized interstate crises (MICs) suggest that the success of reciprocating strategies in MICs is related to (1) withholding cooperative initiatives until after the reciprocating party has demonstrated its resolve, (2) the use of carrot-and-stick influence attempts and responses combining firmness with flexibility, and (3) overcoming ambiguity through overt communication of intentions. Reciprocating influence strategies are most likely to be employed by democratic states either defending the status quo or following a change in the status quo in their favor through a fait accompli. When reciprocating strategies are employed against different types of influence strategies, the outcomes are consistent with the intersection of the decision rules of the influence strategies employed by the two sides.

Suggested Citation

  • Russell J. Leng, 1993. "Reciprocating Influence Strategies in Interstate Crisis Bargaining," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 37(1), pages 3-41, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:jocore:v:37:y:1993:i:1:p:3-41
    DOI: 10.1177/0022002793037001001
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Singer, J. David, 1963. "Inter-Nation Influence: A Formal Model," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 57(2), pages 420-430, June.
    2. Daniel Kahneman & Amos Tversky, 2013. "Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Leonard C MacLean & William T Ziemba (ed.), HANDBOOK OF THE FUNDAMENTALS OF FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING Part I, chapter 6, pages 99-127, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    3. Doyle, Michael W., 1986. "Liberalism and World Politics," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 80(4), pages 1151-1169, December.
    4. Leng, Russell J., 1984. "Reagan and the Russians: Crisis Bargaining Beliefs and the Historical Record," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 78(2), pages 338-355, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Hossain, Liaquat & Murshed, Shahriar Tanvir & Uddin, Shahadat, 2013. "Communication network dynamics during organizational crisis," Journal of Informetrics, Elsevier, vol. 7(1), pages 16-35.

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